/ 777 




■SwuSL? F CONGRESS 



029 985 467 A 




Hollinger 

pH &5 

Mai Run W3-2245 




CENTRAL PRINTING COMPANY, 34 EAST MARKET STREET, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. 



GEO. E. KRAUSE, 




PATENTEE AND MANUFACTURER OF 



> Sofa Beds, Parlor Lounges, Single Lounges, Reclining Chairs* 

A2TD PATENT ROCKERS. 

Hq.. 190 South Meridian Street, Indianapolis, Ind. 



Send for Catalogue. Sample Goods on Exhibition at INDIANA DEPARTMENT, Pfew Orleans Exhibition. 



■J A\ 




M 



^ PU 



.IT" 






T&M 



Our Patented Metallic Curtain Desk. 




We use Metal in 
place of Canvas, as 
in all other Desks. 
It is more Durable, | 
more Flexible, and 
cannot be broken 
into. 



ADDRESS, 

dianapolis 'Cabinet Company, 



A GREAT VARI- 
ETY OF DESKS. 

We use Built-up 
work in all Desk 
Tops, Tables and 
Panels. 

Send for Cata- 
logue. 



Indianapolis, Ind. 




m 



iKiWiiiSiKiiiiM 




WILLIAM K. STILZ, 

President. 



*W 



O. L. DICKENSON, 

Sec. &Treas. 




MANUFACTURERS' 



OF ALL KINDS OF 




%tj 



-IXT- 




RED, BUFF, 

Brown and Grey. 

specialty made of l^eepina, a full 
ne in stoc^ af all siges B,apen ^iles, Belt and §trin ? Bourses, Brestinc, Rinial 
and Sbimney Pots. Special designs made 
and orders filled wit!} promptness. j 



5!iitiii- , -Hi , '.i',\iiu , ..Vi-iuii'".! i gi | '.;iiiii' , r'W V-? 




<««c 



-< 9»*- 



)end for 6ataloaues and Estimates, 



ii.EDEBSS 



-INDIANAPOLIS TERRA COTTA COMPANY-** 

-cr. s. -a.- 



OPPICES ZErXjETCIEXEK. c& 



SH^BFE'S BLOCK. 






0. S. ENCAUSTIC TILE CO., 

INDIANAPOLIS, IND., 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

Encaustic and Geometrical Tiles, 

FOR LAYING FLOORS IN 

Public Buildings, Banks, Churches. 
Theatres, Halls, Vestibules, 

Dining Rooms, Bath Rooms, Etc. 

Also, Glazed and Enameled Tiles, 

For Wainscoting, Hearths, and Interior Decoration. 
HIGH ART MAJOLICA TILES FOR MANTLE FAClNGS,Etc 

Designs and Estimates Furnished on Application. 

The manufacture of tile is of very ancient date. Its origin, indeed, is prehistoric. Tile, both plain and ornamental, 
are found in the ruins of Egypt and Assyria, of Greece and Italy, used for all kinds of domestic and architectural pur- 
poses, as well as in some instances for records. 

Much of our knowledge of Assyrian history is derived from inscriptions on the tiles and clay cylinders made by the 
same method. The Romans, particularly, showed great art in their manufacture, and used them extensively. Unlike 
many articles of antiquity, the tile has held its own throughout the centuries, and has been produced with varying skill 
and art by many nations, sometimes only for the substantial purpose of roofing or making drains, but oftener for pur- 
poses of ornamentation, as shown in hearths, chimney-pieces, mosaic pavements, and wainscoting of houses. 

With the comparatively recent revival of interest in household decoration, and especially its development in this 
country, the tile has leaped into popular favor, and scarcely a house of any value is built into whose construction it does 
not enter, while there are few possessing any ornaments in which it does not have a representative. 

Few processes of manufacture are more interesting or, despite apparent simplicity, more complicated. The utmost 
care is taken at every stage — in the selection of material and its proper handling, until the finished article is laid upon 
the warehouse shelf. 

The preparation required for the manufacture of tile on a large scale is very great; much costly machinery is 
needed, many skilled workmen, artistic taste of a high order, both for forming patterns and designing plans for use of 
the product, added to which there must be great commercial ability to dispose of the wares, and to operate and maintain 
a large establishment successfully, such a one as is located at Indianapolis, Ind. 

Starting with the idea that tiles could be made profitably in this country, and being within easy access of fine clays 
adapted to the purpose, the Company erected substantial buildings, with kilns and proper machinery, and procured a 
number of skilled workmen from England. The tiles produced are not excelled by any manufactory in the world. 
During the past year the Company has entered largely into the manufacture of high-art majolica tiles for mantle facings, 
hearths, wainscoting and ornamental purposes. 

The product of the factory is found in every State, and in hundreds of public buildings. The increasing demand 
for these goods has made it necessary for the Company to greatly enlarge their works. Recently extensive additions have 
been made in buildings, kilns, presses and other machinery, until now they cover several acres of ground, and have a 
capacity of over 2,000,000 square feet per annum. 

The Company employ nearly four hundred hands, and expect to double that number during the year. They have 
just completed two very large contracts, one being the State-house at Desmoines, Iowa, and the other the Custom-house 
and Postoffice at St. Louis, Mo. Among the many contracts now on hand might be mentioned the new government 
building at Topeka, Kan. ; three court-houses in Indiana, one in Illinois, a large State building at Columbus, O., con- 
aining over 40,000 square feet; a large six-story apartment house, also a fine residence, at Cleveland, O. ; the Navarro 
apartment-houses, fronting on Central Park, New York, one of the largest buildings of the kind in the country, and ten 
national banks located in different parts of the country. 

Contractors and builders will find it greatly to their advantage to write to the Company for estimates before purchas- 
ing elsewhere. 

The Company would solicit correspondence with architects who may desire information regarding prices, and the 
practicability of using tiles, Designs and estimates will be furnished free upon application. 

UNITED STATES ENCAUSTIC TILE COMPANY, 

Indianapolis, Ind. 



%i^%r:i-' 



TWP96 



~QZ^ 



THE STATE OF INDIANA. 



GENERAL NOTES RESPECTING ITS SURFACE AND EARLY SET- 
TLEMENT. 
pjgNDIANA is in form an irregular parallelogram, extending from 
lis the southern line of Lake Michigan on the north to the Ohio 
river and State of Kentucky on the south, and bounded on the 
east by the State of Ohio and on the west by the State of Illinois. 
The mean length, from north to south, is 246 miles, and average 
breadth 156 miles. The area of the State is 33,809 square miles, 
or 51,636,760 acres, exclusive of its water surface. In the southern 
portion the surface is somewhat hilly, while the central and north- 
ern sections are undulating and level. 

The French explorers of 1702 found this territory a wilderness 
covered with great forests, and luxuriant grassy plains, and in 
possession of Indian tribes who lived upon the great abundance of 
wild game. Immense belts of black walnut, white oak, hard 
maple, poplar, hickory, ash, and other valuable timber of large 
growth covered more than three-quarters of the State, while in the 
north-western section were beautiful undulating prairies, skirted 
with timber belts along the water courses. 

A little over sixty years ago the State, when admitted into the 
Union of States, in 1816, had a population of only 63,000 souls. 
To-day the population is over 2,000,00c. Less than fifty years ago 
Indiana had but twenty miles of railway; to-day it has over 5,000 
miles, traversing nearly every county. Agriculture, manufacturing 
and its developments in other directions have kept pace with its 
growth in population. 

POPULATION OF INDIANA, 
January, 1820, to 1880, with per cent, of increase. 



Year. 


Population. 


rer cent. 
Increase 


1820 


147.178 




1830 


343.031 


J 33-07 


1840 


685,866 


99-94 


1850 


989,416 


44-" 


i860 


1,350,428 


36.62 


1870 


1.580,637 


24.45 


1880 


2,052,163 


22.10 



IMPORTANCE OF ITS GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION. 
The chain of navigable lakes lying along and parallel with the 
northern border, and the Ohio river and foot-hills of the mountains 
of Kentucky bounding the State on the south, have naturally 
marked Indiana as the track of the trans-continental railway sys- 
tem. Across its borders east and west have been built all the great 
railways which connect the Atlantic with the Western and Pacific 
States. Here pass eastward upon these numerous lines the mineral 
and agricultural productions from the richest mines and fields of 
the continent, and westward the manufactured products of the 
world. Across Indiana must go not only the exchanges of pro- 
duction but all who are seeking, by observation, a knowledge of 
the continent. Situated in the center of population, and in the 
track of commerce and travel, Indiana would be favored indeed 
did it lack the inherent natural elements of greatness ; but in these 



it is equally favored. No State in the world has a richer soil, 
greater extent of superior coal, finer limestone, potters' and fire 
clay, beds of kaolin and forests of timber, or is better watered. No 
State produces more wheat or corn (maize) per acre, and none 
abounds more richly in the grasses. 

EARLY HISTORY AND SETTLEMENT. 

The rapid increase of population at the admission into the Union 
was remarkable. It was not the result of chance, but due to the 
political and natural advantages of the young State. 

During the Territorial government, Indiana was a broad skir- 
mish line. War was the rule and peace exceptional. The hardy 
riflemen from this region and adjoining States were ready at a 
moment's warning, or, as often without official call, to march 
against the Indians and their bloody allies. The only roads were 
the military routes of defensive or avenging expeditions. Soldiers 
from neighboring States, returning to their homes, were filled with 
memories of the advantages of the region which they had battled 
to defend ; they recounted to their neighbors marvelous descrip- 
tions of the new State, its fertile soil, wonderful production of 
corn, wheat, oats, etc., and its native grasses, until they and many 
other emigrants decided to cast their lots in the fields of their late 
military operations. A majority from the Eastern States embarked 
in boats from the head-waters of the Ohio, floated with the current 
to some tributary, up which their barges were propelled by human 
power alone. 

THE EARLY SURVEYS AND SUB-DIVISIONS. 
Previous to this time lands had been disposed of by the General 
Government in large tracts or grants only, the proprietors survey- 
ing or sub-dividing the same by irregular natural bounds. Such 
surveys often overlapped, so that titles were insecure and bounda- 
ries not certain. The Government determined to obviate this diffi- 
culty by surveying all the public domain before sale under one 
general system. Two principal meridian lines were established in 
the State running north and south from some fixed natural point — 
the first on the eastern boundary north from the mouth of the 
Great Miami river ; the second from a point on the Ohio rwer 9 
29 / west from Washington. These are intersected at right angles 
by base lines, the principal one for Indiana running west. The 
country is then divided by lines parallel to the meridians, and base 
lines into townships six miles square, which are divided by estab- 
lished lines into sections of one mile square, or 640 acres, and 
these are sub-divided into quarter sections of 160 acres. Such 
divisions are established by plain marks on trees in the forests, or 
by posts and mounds in the treeless districts. Ranges are divisions 
six miles wide, counting east or west from the principal meiidian. 
Townships are numbered north or south from the base lines. At 
first lands were sold only by sections of 640 acres, but at an early 
date in the history of this Territory the lands were offered for sale 
in tracts of 160 and 40 acres. Thus the title to lands was made 
certain, and at the low price of $1.25 per acre, farms were within 
the reach of any one who possessed fifty dollars. This gave a 
strong impulse to emigration, and was hailed as a blessing by men 
of moderate means. 






6 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



SOURCES OF .THE GREAT FERTILITY OF THE SOIL. 

The fertility of the soil is the surest promise of prosperity. The 
Central States of the Union are comprised in a great valley. It is 
the valley of a continent, reaching from the Appalachians well 
toward the Rocky Mountains. During the glacial epoch a river of 
ice hundreds of miles in width advanced from the frozen North, 
planing down the irregularities of the surface, bringing with it 
immense quantities of bowlders, gravel, sand and clay from the 
paleozoic and crystalline beds of the North. "It is well known 
that soil is most productive which has been derived from the de- 
struction of the greatest variety of rocks. From this only is pro- 
duced the due mixture of gravel, sand, clay and moisture necessary 
to form a good medium for the retention and transmission of nutri- 
tive fluids, be they liquid or aeriform, to the roots of plants." At 
the close of the "Ice Age," as the glaciers withdrew they left a 
vast bed of "boulder clay," composed of the comminuted materi- 
als of native and foreign rocks from every older strata, covering 
regions south of the upper lakes, for a space of 200 to 250 miles, to 
a depth of from 50 to 250 feet. 

The soil of Indiana, consequently, is indicated by a mighty 
growth of giant trees and by the variety and quantity of its fruits 
and cereals, occupying as it does the heart of this area of ancient 
alluvion. 

The surface of the glacial drift was left nearly level, but has 
since been modified byfluviatile and lacustral agencies, sorting the 
clays, sands, etc., so as to form generally a loose, friable calcareous 
loam, deeply covering the gently undulating woodlands, plains 
and valleys. The great depth of the drift deposit allows it to act 
as a gigantic sponge, absorbing excess of moisture in the spring or 
winter, until the long sunny days of summer, thus insuring against 
any prolonged drought and constituting a superior grazing district. 
For the perfect growth of grasses a rich soil and perrennial moist- 
ure is required, conditions which do not prevail in many other 
States. 

THE HOME OF THE BLUE GRASS. 

Indiana is the native home of blue grass, Poa paratensis — the 
glory of our rich calcareous soils — an infallible "gold finder." It 
forms a permanent sward, thickening with age, so that with ten or 
twenty years the soil will withstand the hoof of heavy bullocks, 
even in wet weather. It grows slowly under the snow of a cold 
winter, but bursts into new life with the first genial days of spring, 
carpets the earth with productive beauty through the summer, 
and, if reserved for winter, cattle, horses, sheep, etc., may be well 
kept, except in time of deep snows, on this food alone. This 
advantageous soil invited the pioneer, and still exists to enrich 
present and coming citizens. 

INDIANA AS A DAIRY STATE. 

It is conceded on all hands that no grazing is comparable with 
the blue grass pastures for the economical production of the best 
butter and cheese. In this latitude it affords the richest and 
cheapest food for the production of meat, butter and cheese for 
about eight months in the year. Indiana is the native home o 
this grass. It is frequently called Kentucky blue grass, but so far 
as is known, not a spear of it ever grew in Kentucky till the seed 
was carried there by the citizen soldiers of Gen. Harrison's army 
in the fall of 181 1. In the eventful campaign against the Indians, 
which terminated with the battle of Tippecanoe, the horses of the 
little army almost perished for want of subsistence on the march 
northward, but when the vicinity or Terre Haute, Indiana, was 
reached, and the counties north of it, in September and October, 
181 1, immense tracts of blue grass were found in their natural and 



luxuriant state, upon which the almost famished horses were grazed 
and fatted. Six hundred acres of this nutritious grass were found 
at the mouth of the Vermillion river, in the northern part of Indi- 
ana. This grass was also found in the region of the Tippecanoe 
battle-ground, and the grazing was good in November, when the 
battle was fought. The Kentucky farmers, who formed part of 
Gen. Harrison's army, when the campaign was over, never having 
seen the grass before, and delighted with its nutritive properties, 
gathered seed and carried it home with them to the heart of that 
State, now known as the blue grass region. For a few years they 
found difficulty in growing it, but soon became abundantly suc- 
cessful in doing so by sowing it with grain crops, and thus shading 
it from the hot sun. Our Kentucky neighbors prized it highly, 
and being an older community, realized its advantages sooner for 
grazing purposes, and thus it became famous as " Kentucky blue 
grass." 

In this connection the late Col. Thomas Dowling, of Terre 
Haute, Ind., related an anecdote. He was an admirer of Henry 
Clay, the great commoner. He was on a' visit to Mr. Clay at his 
Ashland home to see his fine stock and his splendid blue grass 
fields. When about returning to his home at Terre Haute, Col. 
Dowling said to Mr. Clay that he must take home a souvenir, and 
that it must be some seed of the famous " Kentucky blue grass." 
Mr. Clay replied : "Tom, don't make a fool of yourself; you can 
find blue grass in every fence corner of yonr county." 

Prof. R. T. Brown also found this grass growing luxuriantly in 
the unsettled and uncultivated Miami Reserve, Indiana, in 1840, 
where he secured blades of it five feet in length. It is a weSl set- 
tled fact that Indiana is the home of this grass, and what is more, 
the very heart of it. The natural blue grass region of the West, — 
of the Union, it may be said, — is a strip of country beginning in 
Eastern Ohio and extending west some 300 miles. It was a narrow 
strip in Ohio until it reached well toward the western border of 
that State, when it widened, and north of the Ohio river it attained 
its greatest breadth, some eighty miles west and about the center 
of Indiana. From this point it gently diminished in width till it 
almost ceased in Illinois. Since its discovery it has been propa- 
gated in other sections of the northwest. This State had many 
thousands more acres of natural blue grass than any other in the 
Union. Of the soil naturally adapted to its growth, we have 
in Indiana about 16,000 square miles, or near 10,000,000 acres. In 
all this region there is the greatest abundance of pure flowing 
water, either on the surface or under the clay sub-soil and in the 
gravel beneath it, easily brought to the surface by means of the 
wind engine. These io,ooo ( ooo acres of land are the natural 
homes of the dairies of America. The other grasses and the staple 
cereals are grown and produced here in per centage per acre equal 
with that of any State in the Union. In the southern sections of 
the State orchard grass flourishes and is very nutritious. Clover 
and timothy grow luxuriantly in all parts of the State. The root 
crops also flourish here, but it has been demonstrated that corn 
meal is a more economic winter food here, where sixty bushels of 
corn per acre can be produced. In Sweeden, the home of some of 
the best feeding roots, corn is imported, and at the dairies is fed 
most economically with the root crops. These incomparable nat- 
ural resources invite the dairies, and will command them in the 
order of economy. Whether the surplus products in the States 
East, where they can not compete, in the mining regions of the 
West, or in the countries of Europe, where there ever will be a 
demand, in transportation to either point this State is greatly 
favored, for all the great highways which penetrate the Nation to 
the seaboard cross and lead from Indiana. So we have not only the 
natural, but commercial advantages to invite this great industry. 
And it will come. 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



7 



STAPLE PRODUCTIONS OF INDIANA. 

Crops of corn (maize) range from 30 to 120 bushels per acre, 
according to cultivation and management, averaging over 45 bush- 
els per acre. On fair fields corn is often raised by contract at 12 
cents per bushel delivered in graneries, the contractor bearing all 
expense and work. Net profits of crop from $10.00 .0 $15.00 per 
acre. Wheat ranges from 15 to 64 bushels per acre, averaging 
over 18 bushels per acre. Expenses for labor, seed, implements, 
harvesting (with self-binding reaper, now common), and threshing 
$6.00 to $8.50 per acre, Net profit about $12.00 per acre. 

Crops of oats range from 30 to 90 bushels, averaging near 40 
bushels. Cost of seeding, harvesting and threshing, $4.00 to $6.00. 
Net profits from $8.00 to $12.00 per acre. Meadows produce from 
1 to 2.]/ 2 tons of hay per acre, averaging \ l / z tons. Cost of mow- 
ing, care and stacking, less than $1 per ton. Profit from $10.00 to 
$18.00, according to locality of market. Other crops, as potatoes, 
turnips, sugar corn, sorghum, buckwheat, rye, clover, etc., give 
good returns. 

Apples, pears, peaches, grapes, and the small fruits, and beriies 
are the home production of almost every iarm, and so commonly 
abundant and cheap that none but an expert can afford to cultivate 
them for market sale. 

Timber is too abundant. Not more than one-half the tillable 
soil has been reduced to culture, according to assessor's returns. 

THE GREAT COAL FIELDS. 
The Indiana coal fields embrace an area of over 7,000 square 
miles, offering seven workable seams at a depth ranging from 50 
to 220 feet, and averaging 80 feet below the surface. The seams 
vary in thickness from 2j^ to 11 feet, averaging 4^ feet. The 
quality is fair to good, as shown by analysis in the Geological Re- 
ports. An area of 600 square miles in this field yields a superior 
block, or "splint" coal, which is used in the blast furnace as it 
comes from the mine without coking. Our block coal is rich in 
carbon, and remarkably free from sulphur and phosphorous, and 
well adapted to the preparation of Bessemer steel, etc. The abun- 
dance of coal and ease of access cheapen this fuel. It may be had 
on every line of railway from 5 to 10 cents per bushel, or at $1.50 
to $2.80 per ton. 

THE BEST BUILDING STONE IN THE WORLD. 
The State abounds in the finest building stone in the world. By 
far the most beautiful and valuable stone for architectural purposes 
is the Indiana Oolitic limestone. The supply is simply inexhaust- 
ible, as it lies in massive strata of from 20 to 70 feet thick, over an 
area of more than fifty square miles. These strata are homogenous, 
equally strong in vertical, diagonal, or horizontal sections. The 
stone comes from the quarry so soft as to be readily worked by 
saw, chisel or planing machine, while on exposure it hardens to a 
strength of from 10,000 to 12,000 pounds to the square inch — a 
strength amply sufficient to sustain the weight of the largest struc- 
ture in the world. In use it presents a handsome, creamy brown 
appearance, gradually whitening with age. It is of almost unpre- 
cedented purity, containing an average of 96.8 per cent, of carbon- 
ate of lime, a purity rarely, if ever, surpassed, and scarcely equaled 
in the world. Hence its advantage over the magnesian limestones, 
as it is not affected by decay in an atmosphere charged with the 
gases of burning stone coal. In natural outcrop it presents bold 
perpendicular faces to the elements, showing every scratch and 
mark, unaffected after the exposure of thousands of years, as no 
other stone or rock does. It is quarried in prisoms six by ten, 50 
or 100 feet long, putting to shame the Roasted prodigies of Egyp- 
tian story and effort. It is then rapidly sawed into blocks and 
dimension forms, and steam planers carve, mold and smooth it like 



clay or wood, and more accurately than mallet and chisel. It is 
now fit to be carved and polished into the finest kind of sculptured 
and ornamental work. 

Ready for the mason or sculptor, it is alive and resonant, answer- 
ing with a clear metalic ring each touch or blow. This resonance 
is an excellent test of the perfect unity of its particles, and as a 
result it is highly elastic, bending under pressure and rebounding 
to place when relieved from it. This elasticity enables Indiana 
Oolitic limestone to adapt itself without cleavage or disintegration 
to changeable climates, where material will be frequently subject 
to a change of from 20° to 6o° of temperature in a few hours ; as 
in large buildings the outside will be subject to a temperature of 
25 below zero in winter, or 120 above it in summer, while the 
inside will remain at 6o° or 70° — differences of 50 to 8o° in the 
extremities of the same stone — with their accompanying effects in 
expansion or contraction. The strains of heat and frost will tear 
down buildings and sides of mountains with their great expansive 
forces, and even steel and iron will give way before them. Here, 
then, is presented to the builder and architect a new and wondrous 
element in an "elastic stone," a potent quality which, united with 
its other sterling excellencies of strength and beauty, makes Indi- 
ana Oolitic limestone the best in the world for exposed work in 
buildings in localities subject to great climatic changes. It has 
been and is now being used in many of the finest public structures 
in the country. The new $2,000,000 court-house at Indianapolis, 
the new State-house, the post-office, and many churches in that 
city, the Custom-house at Louisville, the City Hall and the water- 
tables of Lincoln Park in Chicago, many fine structures in St. 
Louis, the Cotton Exchange in New Orleans, and many public and 
private buildings in New York and Philadelphia, and the exposed 
parts of the new State-house of Illinois are built of this stone 

EXTENSIVE RAILWAY SYSTEM. 

The State is traversed in every direction by a system of railways 
which, with steamers on the Northern lakes and the Ohio river, 
furnish cheap and rapid communication. Many of the common 
roads are graveled or piked. 

LARGEST PERMANENT SCHOOL FUND OF ANY STATE IN THE 
WORLD. 
Indiana has a larger school fund than any State in the world 
in proportion to population, and schools and intelligence are the 
safeguard of a free people. Her school fund, school-houses, public 
buildings, bridges, roads and highways, churches, etc., have been 
built or constructed by taxation or donation. They constitute an 
immense commonwealth of accumulated capital, in which every 
new comer, after a residence of six months, has a share. In some 
counties this fund amounts to a handsome sum to each acre of 
land, so that every person securing a farm with us buys with his 
land an interest in this commonwealth. 

GENERAL NOTES AND CONSIDERATION. 

In the newer regions of the West and South such public accu- 
mulations and improvements are yet to be made. They must be 
paid for by taxation, and our lands are cheaper from this point of 
view than farms in less favored regions as a gift. 

In recapitulation, Indiana invites farmers to her rich soil, one- 
half of which is untitled. She has unoccupied fields of enterprise 
for more. Many branches of agriculture are neglected, as dairying 
and cheese-making, hop-growing, gathering of clover and other 
seed and sheep husbandry. To the manufacturer and mechanic 
she offers cheap, healthy homes, cheap food and clothing, cheap 
fuel and a good market. To the grazer she offers her native blue- 
grass and ample returns. 



f /S \ 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



Unimproved lands may be bought at from $10 to $20 per acre, 
and even at lower prices in the souih-western part; improved 
farms at from $20 to $60 per acre. With the latter, a practical 
farmer, who can pay one-fourth of the purchase money down, 
may, with economy and management, make the deferred payments 
from the profits of the farm in five years. 

Further and more specific reference to the resources, produc- 
tion, commerce, climate, educational and social condition of the 
State will be found under distinctive heads. 



AGRICULTURE. 



It has already been briefly pointed out why Indiana is so pro- 
ductive in agriculture. In none of the staple crops has it developed 
more rapidly than in the growth of wheat. Though population has 
increased rapidly, it has been shown that increased wheat produc- 
tion has more than kept pace. In 1850 the product per capita was 
6.30 bushels ; in i860 it was 12.50 bushels; in 1870 it was 16.51 
bushels; and in 1880 bad increased to 23.75 bushels per capita. 
Enterprise has shown that the soil is well adapted to the growth 
of this cereal, and that the yield per acre will yet be greatly 
increased. The census statistics of 1880 show that Indiana pro- 
duces more wheat per acre than any State in the Union. The 
average area of the wheat crop of the State exceeds three millions 
of acres. Winter wheat, of the white and amber varieties, are 
chiefly grown and most productive. Indiana lies in the heart of 
the winter wheat regions of the United States, and produces about 
one-tenth of the entire quantity grown in the whole country. 

The corn (maize) crop is also one of the staple agricultural pro- 
ductions. The great area of alluvial soils is highly adapted to the 
growth of this crop. The yield per capita has not increased quite 
so rapidly as that of wheat, but still it has been marked. The 
bushels produced per capita increased from 52.28 in 1850 to about 
60 in 1880. The average area grown in corn annually somewhat 
exceeds three millions of acres. 

The oats crop is also a very productive and profitable one in 
nearly every part of the State, though a less area is devoted to its 
growth. An area of 685,000 acres produced 19,615,516 bushels. 

Timothy hay is also a profitable crop. An acreage of 984,900 
produced 1,599,994 tons. 

The Irish potato flourishes in our soil, producing very large 
crops. An area of 72,936 acres produced 7,264,830 bushels. 

Rye, barley, clover, flax and millet are also equally productive 
in our soils. 

The apple crop is a very uniform and productive one, flourishing 
in all sections of the State. 

There are extensive districts in Indiana where the peach crop 
never fails, and where large yields of this fruit are annually grown. 
Over four millions of bushels were grown in 1880. 

The soil in every section is highly adapted to the growth of 
grapes, strawberries, and the other small fruits, all of which are 
grown in great abundance, and find a ready and profitable market. 

The apiary and bee-keeping flourish in Indiana. The fields 
abound in hone>' plants, and the intelligent management of bees is 
found to be profitable. The value of honey annually produced is 
$240,325- 

There are over two millions of acres of grazing lands set in blue 
grass. The dairy industry flourishes here. There are annually 
produced something over 121,000,00c gallons of milk, nearly 
30,000,000 pounds of butter, and 10,000,000 pounds of cheese for 
market. 

The live-stock industry of Indiana is one of the most important 



branches of agriculture, as will be seen in the following numbers 
annually found in the herds and flocks of the State : 

Horses 560,300 I Swine 2,180,000 

Cattle 1,254, 150 I Sheep 1,141,000 

The value of the principal agricultural productions of the State 
annually is about $230,000,000, a large part of which is surplus, and 
exported and sold to other States and countries. 

There are 216,000 farms in Indiana, of which number 161,000 
owners occupy them. The remainder are rented for money or for 
a share of their products. One very important fact is ascertained 
by the statistics of the State, viz.: that the owners of farms and 
lands are increasing in number annually, and that the large plan- 
tations and estates are being divided up into smaller farms. This 
fact of increased ownership in the lands and farms speaks much 
for the citizenship of tne State. 

The State Board of Agriculture is organized and incorporated 
by a law of the State, and is liberally supported by the public 
treasury. Annually Fairs are held at Indianapolis, the capital 
city, where samples of the State's products and live-stock are put 
on exhibition, and where thousands of the people of the State 
assemble to compare experiences in the varied pursuits in farm 
husbandry. 

More than three-fourths of the counties of the State also have 
incorporated Agricultural Boards, under whose auspices annual 
Fairs are held during the autumn and fall months. This organized 
agriculture has given great impetus to agricultural industry in all 
its varied branches, and affording such excellent opportunity for 
exchanging experiences, has resulted in great good to the State. 

PURDUE UNIVERSITY AND INDIANA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 
AND EXPERIMENT FARM. 

The educational privileges of the State are treated of elsewhere 
under the proper head, but it may be well here to refer to the fact 
that Indiana has a flourishing Agricultural and Industrial College, 
well endowed by Congressional grants, and which is also liberally 
provided for by the State government. Here all branches of agri- 
culture are taught, both theoretie and practical. Connected with 
the college is a large and well stocked farm, provided with all the 
machinery and appliances used in agriculture. Extensive tracts of 
land are set apart for experiments with seeds and plants, and this 
work is carried on upon a large scale, and the results given to the 
public through the press and annual reports. The State Chemist 
is one of the faculty of this college, and a part of his duty is to 
make analysis of and to determine the relative constituents and 
comparative value of the commercial fertilizers offered for sale in 
the State. 

The Indiana Agricultural College was organized and formally 
opened to students in 1879, as a department of Purdue University. 
In accordance with the plan of organization it embraces two lines 
of work, viz. : 

1. Systematic instruction in agriculture. 

2. A continuous series of agricultural experiments. 

I. — COURSE OF STUDY. 

The course of study at first required three years to complete it, 
but has been extended to four years aud leads to the degree of B. S. 
It embraces a wide range of subjects, providing an excellent gen- 
eral education in science and English, and giving special promi- 
nence to applied science related to agriculture.- 

Two years are devoted to mathematics, including alebra, geom- 
etry, trigonometry and surveying ; four years to physical and 
biological science, including botany, zoology, human physiology, 
geology, physics and chemistry; lour years to the English lan- 
guage and literature; and one year to political and mental scienc 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



The above-named studies in the agricultural course are precisely 
the same as in the other courses of the University. It is impor- 
tant to emphasize the fact that the College of Agriculture is not 
designed to make farmers merely, but broad-minded, intelligent 
citizens as well. The studies of the course, specially related to 
agriculture, are as follows: 

First Year — Farm crops: Methods of growing, harvesting, cur- 
ing, improving, etc. Live stock : Character and adaptation of the 
improved breeds of domestic animals, with critical study of the 
types of animal form best adapted to the wants of man. Stock 
breeding: Principles of breeding ; laws of heredity ; good and bad 
points in breeding stock ; cause of deterioration and means of im- 
provement ; value of pedigrees and herd records. 

Second Year — Farm implements; Their use and adjustment, 
merits and defects ; care of when in use, and when laid by; means 
of reducing the draft. Farm management : Economy in the use 
of materials and labor; relations of fences to the productive op- 
erations of the farm; arrangement of farm buildings for economy 
and convenience; how to utilize the resources of the farm; keep- 
ing aecounts; hiring help ; buying and selling, etc. Shop work: 
Practice with carpenter's tools in plain wood work. Floriculture : 
Culture and propagation of flowering plants and shrubs ; winter 
care of plants and bulbs. Vegetable gardening : Preparing the 
soil ; planting, cultivation, harvesting and winter of preservation 
of vegetables. 

Third Year — Veterinary hygiene: Laws of health ; symptoms, 
causes and preventives of diseases ; effects of exposure and un- 
wholesome food ; effects of ill-ventilated and foul stables ; sanitary 
arrangement of farm buildings. Entomology : Description of in- 
sect families, with close study of typical forms of insect life ; ben- 
eficial and injurious insects ; means of preventing or mitigating 
insect ravages. Meteorology : Relation of climate to agriculture ; 
laws of storms and means of forecasting the weather. Shop work: 
Practice with blacksmith's tools in plain work in iron. Farm 
drainage: How to lay out, level and construct farm drains and 
sewers ; how to secure outlets. Landscape gardening : Embellish- 
ment of private and public grounds with trees, shrubs, flowers, 
lawns, drives, walks, etc. Agricultural chemistry : Chemistry of 
soils and manures; chemistry of plant growth; chemistry of feed- 
ing and of the dairy. 

Fourth Year — Fruit culture : Propagation, culture, harvesting, 
storing and shipping of fruits. Forestry : Effects of removing for- 
ests; reasons for forest tree planting; trees for various locations 
and methods of growing the same. Principles of agriculture: 
Objects of tillage, manures, mulching, draining, irrigation; how 
to ascertain the .conditions most favorable to maximum crop pro- 
duction; how to maintain and improve the fertility of soils. Prin- 
ciples of feeding and drainage: Laws of animal nutrition; feeding 
rations for young, fattening, milking and working animals ; how 
to most fully utilize the field products in feeding stock; caus.es 
affecting the yield and quality of milk ; milk setting, and butter 
and cheese making ; utilizing the bye-products of the dairy. 
Economic botany : Noxious and useful plants of the farm, their 
characteristics, propagation, rate of increase and conditions of 
growth; time and manner of destroying annual and perennial 
weeds ; cross fertilization and selection of means of improving 
grains, vegetables, fruits and flowers. 

The constant aim of the instructors is to inculcate a love for 
agricultural pursuits, and to help the students to become success- 
ful and progressive farmers. The instruction is made as thoroughly 
practical as possible ; and to this end the experiment farm with its 
buildings, implements, live stock, crops, orchard and experiment 
plats, and the greenhouse and campus, are all freely used to illus- 
trate and enforce the teaching of the class room. In addition to 



this, and for the same purpose, the agricultural students are taken 
to see improved herds in the vicinity of the University. 

II. THE EXPERIMENT FARM. 

The college farm contains obout 160 acres of land known as 
"second bottom." Every foot of it is tillable and under cultiva- 
tion. The surface is neariy level, and the soil is a dark heavy 
loam underlaid by a bed of gravel of great depth, which gives 
perfect natural drainage. A portion of the farm (ioo acres) has a 
very uniform soil well adapted to field experiments. In 1880 ten 
acres of this portion was set apart for agricultural experiments. 
This year about twenty-five acres were occupied with various ex- 
periments with wheat, oats, corn, potatoes, etc. 

The board of trustees realizing that the usefulness of the farm 
would be very largely increased by extending the experimental 
work, have decided that the farm (or such portion as can be prof- 
itably used for this object) shall be devoted exclusively to agricul- 
tural experiments for the double purpose of benefiting both the 
students and farmers of the State. This change enables the farm- 
ers to combine the large and small plat systems of experimenting. 
The results of the small plats are taken as indications and made 
the basis of a test on large plats. To illustrate : Of the 37 varie- 
ties of wheat grown last year on small plats, six of the most prom- 
ising were sown last fall on large plats extending entirely across 
the field, and in every respect, under ordinary field conditions. 
The relative value of a certain variety of wheat, e. g., can be 
ascertained from the small plat ; but the actual value of the variety 
to the farmer can be more accurately determined on this large plat. 
Within the four years that the Agricultural Department has 
been in operation, 45 varieties of grasses and clovers (chiefly small 
plats for instruction of students), over 50 varieties of potatoes, 
more than 100 varieties af wheat and oats, nearly 35 varieties of 
strawberries, about 20 varieties each of grapes and raspberries ; 
several varieties of corn, and 17 kinds of sorghum have been 
grown comparatively and the results published in the annual re- 
ports of the University. Many experiments with fertilizers have 
been conducted, some of which are not yet completed. Experi- 
ments with different rotations are now in progress ; also experiments 
to test the effect, on the soil, of growing one crop continuously, 
and two crops in alternation. Experments to test the effect of 
cultivation on wheat, and on corn in time of drouth, are now in 
progress. Other experiments of less practical value, but of real 
interest +o students, have been conducted from time to time. 

The labor of directing the experimental work has devolved upon 
the professor of agriculture, whose time, during the school year, 
has been quite fully occupied with class room duties. 

In view of this and the fact that the department has been in 
operation but four years, it will be seen that a good deal of hard 
work has been done. A good beginning has been made and the 
results are already apparent ; but the value of the experiments to 
agriculture will increase from year to year. 



MANUFACTURING. 



Until the discovery of the immense fields of bituminous coal, 
manufacturing was but a minor industry. The following table 
fairly shows the progress of the State in this branch of industry: 



i860- 
1870.. 
1880.. 



Estab 
lish 
me'ts. 



5,323 
11,847 
12.000 



Capital. 



$18,451,121 
62,052,425 
65 742,962 



Hands 

Em- 
ployed. 



21,295 
58,852 



Wages 
Paid. 



$6,318,335 
18,366,780 
22,000,000 



Value 

Raw 

Material. 



$27,142,597 

63.i35.49 2 
100,262,917 



Value 

of 

Products. 



$42,803,469 
108,617,278 
148,006 41Z 



There are something over 100 establishments in the State which 



to 



Indiana at the new Orleans Exhibition. 



manufacture agricultural implements. Of this number is the larg- 
est plow factory, and one of the most extensive wagon and carriage 
factories, in the world. Every kind of agricultural implement is 
manufactured in the State. There are over 1,000 flouring mills, 
and over 2,000 sawmills for manufacturing lumber. Those engaged 
in manufacturing, and such as are dependent upon them, number 
350,000 souls, whose homes are in every section of the State, and, 
being consumers of the agricultural products, afford, with other 
classes engaged in non-agricultural pursuits, a market for a large 
part of the surplus of the farm. There is a fair proportion of these 
manufacturing establishments engaged in steel, iron, wood, stone, 
and plate and other glass industries. Among them is the largest 
plate glass factory in the United States. Stationary and portable 
engine manufacturers fill orders for several countries in Europe, 
and our manufactured machinery has regular customers in France, 
Belgium, Russia and Australia. 



MINING AND MINERALS. 



CLIMATE. 



The State has a well organized system of weather service, with 
meterologieal observers and reporters in every section, supplied 
with the necessary instruments and facilities for noting all phe- 
nomena. This, together with temperature, barometric changes, 
rainfall, direction of the wind and aspect of the clouds, are regu- 
larly reported to a central office where the facts are tabulated and 
made public. The following summary will indicate the equable 
climate of the State. The facts are taken from the observations 
made at Indianapolis, the capital and center of the State: 

Mean monthly temperature for 14 years — 

January, 31.3 degrees July, . . . 

February, 36.7 " August,.. . 

March, 41.8 " September, 

April, 54.1 " October,. . 

May, 64.4 " November,, 

June 74.3 " December,. 

Annual mean temperature for 10 years — 

1865 56.32 degrees 

1866 56.46 degrees 



77.7 degrees 
75.6 " 
67.9 

54-9 
41.6 " 

33-5 



1867 . 

1868 . 

1869 . 



• 56.33 degrees 
. 55-66 degrees 
. 52.52 degrees 



1870 • 55.25 degrees 

187 1 55.89 degrees 

1872 5 2 - 75 degrees 

1873 5I-I5 degrees 

1874 55-°4 degrees 



The annual rainfall for 10 was 45 54 inches per year, fairly dis- 
tributed throughout the year. The facts embraced in these tables 
were the work of trained and capable men, the result of official 
observations, and show that our climate is free from the sudden 
changes which debilitate and weaken vitality, and also insure ex- 
emption from epidemics and destructive plagues incident to 
changeable climate. The precipitation of moisture is remarkably 
equable. Winter rains and snows are not excessive, and the 
months' of April, May and June, in which vegetation grows vigor- 
ously, are, as a rule, well supplied with moisture, and the harvest 
months of July and August are, as a rule, bright and sunny. 

It has been noted by meteorological observers that this btate 
does not lie in the common track of violent storm centers. Cyclones 
and other meteorological disturbances, such as sweep over the 
northwtst, the coasts of the Atlantic ocean, or the tropical bor- 
ders of the fouth, are far less destructive here. This fact has 
been strikingly illustrated in the past several years. 



The State has over 7,000 square miles of bituminous coal fields. 
A large area of this is block coal, rich in carbon, free from sulphur 
and well adapted to the manufacture of iron and Bessemer steel. 
For heating purposes and manufacturing, Indiana coal is not ex. 
celled by any in the world. A careful analysis of the two finest 
bituminous coals in the world, made by thoroughly competent 
chemists, shows the following results : 



COALS. 


c 


■d-a 


O 






O 

y 


<c'5 

CO 


.2?3 O 

^ 


X 




58 00 
58.00 


37.00 
34.00 


2.50 
3.00 


2.50 
5.00 


60.50 
63.00 


1,227 
1,292 


76.06 

80.75 


80.80 


Best Pittsburg Coal 


75.05 





Thus it is seen that by the above result block coal is a small per 
cent, superior in heat-producing qualities to the best Pittsburg 
coal, and as the latter costs 40 to 50 per cent more, our block coal 
is much more economical for generating steam. Block coal is so 
free from sulphur that boilers and fire grates will last much longer 
by its use. 

But there was another test of Indiana coal. By an act of Con- 
gress Prof. W. R. Tohnson W as employed to ejamine and test the 
relative value of the different varieties of coal, both of Europe and 
America, in relation to the production of steam. The result of 
this test fvas published by the United States. The steam-producing 
value of each variety was tested by an apparatus which gave the 
number of cubic feet of water converted into steam in a given time 
by a given weight of coal. Thus it is seen that the test was not 
only very practical but thorough. Here in brief was the result of 
this test : 

Indiana coal evaporated per hour 15.05 cubic feet. 

Pittsburg coal evaporated per hour 10.56 cubic feet. 

Liverpool coal evaporated per hour 13.43 cubic feet. 

Experience teaches that in time the coal districts of Indiana 
must eventually become great manufacturing districts also, for it is 
cheaper to transport the raw materials for manufacturing purposes 
t© the coal districts than to haul the coal. For a long time London 
strove to compete with the manufacturing towns in the coal fields, 
by availing herself of tide-water navigation, the cheapest convey- 
ance in the world, to supply her mills from the Newcastle coal 
mines. It was a struggle of invested capital against natural ad- 
vantages; but the contest settled the question of economy, and 
Manchester, Birmingham, Bolton, Bradford, Leeds and other 
points in the English coal basin became the center of British 
manufacturing interests. The coal at hand was indispensable for 
power, and it attracted the shipment of the raw products of the 
world for manufacturing. In a very large measure we have had 
an illustration of this fact in the United States. In numerous 
instances invested capital has found it more economic to tear down 
and remove the plants to points convenient to the coal fields. The 
coal fields of Indiana are in the center of as rich a food-producing 
region as there is in the world, the soil being very rich and fertile. 

The oolitic limestone of Indiana, so extensively used in building 
all over the United States, has been mentioned in another place, 
and the enduring quality of it described. An analysis of samples 
of this valuable building stone from many quarries was made by 
the chemist of the geological survey of Indiana, and showed the 
following facts respecting it : 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



it 



Gray or Light 
Colored Stone. 

Water expelled at 212 f 0.35 

Insoluble silicates 0.50 

Ferric oxide and alumina 0.98 

Lime 54- 10 

Magnesia °. r 3 

Carbonic acid 42.62 

Sulphuric acid 0.31 

Chlorides of alkalies 0.40 

Combined water 0.61 

It may be stated that lime and carbonic acid combined give car- 
bonate of lime 96.60. And thus it is seen that this stone is an almost 
perfectly pure limestone, averaging 96 per cent, of carbonate of 
lime, a degree of purity rarely, if ever, surpassed, and equaled by 
very few of the most famous quarries of the world. This stone 
crops out with bold, perpendicular faces, which record the stand- 
points of streams through the 'long ages during which they have 
been engaged in hewing out of solid rock their deep valleys; even 
back of this the erosions of the glacial age are seen, dating back to 
the beginning of quaternary time, supposed by many 10 have been 
several hundred thousand years ago. This stone has withstood the 
elements and their disintegrating action during these long periods, 
and will fully answer the requirements for permanent structures. 
The strata are from ten to twenty feet thick, homogeneous and of a 
similar appearance in horizontal or vertical section, comes soft from 
the quarry, and is easily sawed, but being tough under the chisel, 
it may be carved with facility and rapidity into any desired orna- 
mental forms. This oolitic stone may be confidently recommended 
for the erection of extensive and permanent structures, and will 
endure any and all climates unharmed for centuries. Great quan- 
tities of it are shipped annually to New York and other eastern 
cities to be used in permanent structures. In some of the palatial 
residences of New York this stone has been used with excellent 
effect for interior ornamentation. Extensive quarries of it are 
found in a large number of the southern counties of the State. 

There are also extensive quarries of sand stone, beds of the finest 
fire clay and kaolin. 

The extensive coal fields and stone quarries are as yet compara- 
tively little worked, and are practically inexhaustible. The fol- 
lowing figures indicate the present annual demand on them : 

COAL, LIME STONE, SAND STONE, LIME, CEMENT AND FIRE 
CLAY ANNUALLY PRODUCED. 

Tons of coal 2,128,000 

Cubic feet of lime stone 3,000,000 

Cubic feet of sand stone 1,000,000 

Lime 1,000,000 

Cement 300,000 

Fire clay, tons 400,000 

The extensive beds of kaolin have been tested and found to be 

very fine in quality, and the product has been shipped in large 

quantities to queensware factories in other States. 



RAILWAY SYSTEM. 



Of the ninety-two counties in Indiana there are but two having 
no railways passing through them. Few of the States of the Union 
have a railway system of equal importance to that of Indiana. The 
geographical position and central location between the Eastern and 
Western States has made Indiana the leading highway in the 
carrying trade and commerce of the east and west by its extended 
railway system. This railway system is an important factor in the 



progress and advancement of our people in all the great industries 
with which the State abounds. The rich agricultural districts, the 
immense coal fields and extensive areas of building and lime stone 
are many times traversed by railway lines, affording the most ample 
facilities for the shipment of our surplus products to all the mar- 
kets. The great trunk lines east and west pass through the State, 
and several of the most important lines, with their connections to 
the Southern sea-board, traverse Indiana. At a glance the extent 
and value of this great system can be seen by the following figures 
respecting the fifty-six different roads : 

MILES. VALUE. 

Main track 5,240.91 $338,459,83 

Second main track 60.54 360,800 

Side track 925.34 2,599,521 

Rolling stock 5.165.53 10,743,250 

Improvements on right of way . . 1,318,528 



Total $53,480,932 

This sum of $53,480,932 is the valuation of the railway property 
in Indiana, upon which taxes are levied for the support of the 
State and county governments. 

New lines of railways are still being rapidly constructed in the 
State. During the year 350 miles of main track, and 925 miles of 
side track were built. During the year over $600,000 were do- 
nated, or voted, in aid of the construction of new lines by counties 
and townships, which pass through twenty-one counties of the 
State. 

Already the central point of the nation's population, Indiana is 
also necessarily the pathway of her commerce, and thus becomes 
an unrivaled center of cheap distribution by her railways, com- 
merce and central position, assuring competing rates and fair 
prices in all the great industries. 



SOCIAL CONDITION. 



The educational facilities given elsewhere, together with a brief 
reference to the social status of Indiana affords fair data for the 
estimate of the social condition of the State. 

There are forty-seven church denominations in the State, and 
their numerical strength, value of property, &c, are shown by the 
following facts : 

Number of church organizations, 4,942. 

Number .of church buildings, 4,478. 

Total membership, 447,206. 

Average annual number of new members admitted, 44,149. 

Value ofchureh buildings, lots and other church property, $10,- 

869,473- 

Annual salaries of ministers average $1,254,631. 

Other church expenses annually, $297,288. 

Missionary and other charitable contributions $188,034. 

Number of Sunday-school teachers, 24,161. 

Pupils attending Sunday-schools during the year, 259,294. 

Average Sunday attendance on public religious services during 
the year, 430,740. 

The State has a system of public libraries in the several town 
ships, and many of the counties have public libraries also. Num- 
ber of volumes in the libraries, 2,700,680. 

The statistical returns show that there are 10,504 pianes and 
19,272 organs in the homes of the people. 

The people of the State own 240,680 carriages and buggies. 

There are 12,981 miles of gravel roads, and about 200 miles are 
built annually. 

Number of banking establishments in the State, 161. 



12 INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 

Number of newspapers, 420. mulate a building fund from fines and forfeitures. An act of 1824 
Since 1876 a vast amount of the private and mortgage indebted- provided for the establishment of a seminary in each county, and 
ness has been paid off, and the people of all classes are in a better district schools in the several townships. In 1828 was passed "An 
condition and less in debt than ever before. act to establish a callege in the State of Indiana;" and in 1837 
Perhaps there is no better way of showing in brief the true social "An act incorporating Congressional townships, and providing for 
condition of Indiana than by the following facts: public schools therein." The system then established was weak- 
Value invested in public roads $218,865,411 00 ened by an excessive division of functions among numerous officers, 

Value invested in school and college buildings . . 15,600,426 00 by lack of State or county direction, and making nearly every 

Value of church buildings 10,869,473 00 step in matters of taxation and administration dependent upon the 

Value of public buildings 12,978,420 00 votes of the inhabitants of schools districts. These defects were 

Value of bridges 3,478,200 00 not removed by the "Act to increase and extend the benefits of 

Amount of permanent public school fund. . . . 9,271,910 78 common schools," approved January 16, 1849. The inefficacy of 

These extensive improvements are all completed and paid for, these statutes soon became apparent, and the present constitution, 

and every new cilizen coming into the State has an equal interest adopted in 1851, created the State superintendency, renewed the 

in them. requirement that the system should be general and uniform, and 

The fraternal and benevolent associations, and life insurance forbade the enactment of local or special laws for supporting com- 

also, may be mentioned as throwing light upon the social condition mon schools. In pursuance of these provisions, a general school 

of the people of the State. law was enacted in 1852, which contained the germs of the present 

There are 503 Masonic lodges, with a membership of 23,143. system. After passing through several revisio s, guided by a series 

Money invested in Masonic lodge buildings and other property of luminous decisions of the Supreme Court, it was embodied in 

amounts to $1,405,320. the act of March 6, 1865, the last comprehensive statute on the 

This fraternity has a system of life insurance among its mem- subject of education. This, as amended to date, with a number 

bers, who carry policies amounting to $20,391,000. of supplemental sections and acts — of which the most important 

There are 550 Odd Fellows' lodges, with a membership of 25,889. , are the act establishing the State Normal School (1865) and that 

Money invested in Odd Fellows' lodge buildings and other creating the county superintendency (1873) — constitutes the school 

property amounts to $1,431,835 05. law of Indiana. 

This' fraternity has also a system of life insurance among its Beginnings and Growth of Schools. During the first decade of 
members, who carry policies amounting to $8, 143.000. the state's existence what little educational work was done was 
There are many other fraternities also having large investments the pr i vat e venture of pioneer schoolmasters, occupying some room 
in like property, dispensing large annual benefits, and issuing or primitive building in a town, or some deserted cabin in the 
mutual and fraternal life insurance, the sums of which are large. country. About 1825 the county seminaries and district schools 
The people of Indiana are also holding life insurance in the began t0 be built trom the public reve nues, supplemented by con- 
regular stock companies amounting to the sum of $78,037,82!. tributions of material and labor levied as a tax upon the citizens. 
The building iund and safe deposit associations are also very The scboo i s kept in these buildings were maintained by the pay- 
numerous, and are aiding large numbers of people in poor or mod- ment of tuition, but by degree^, as the seminary and Congress- 
erate circumstances to build for themselves homes. ional townsbip funds accumulated, small amounts of the proceeds 

derived from them were apportioned among the schools. By 1837 

the General Assembly had incorporated seminaries in twenty-six 

KDT 1C ATTON counties, and many others were organized under the general 

law. The district schools also spread with the increase of pop- 
ulation, and the quality of the the houses improved, the log cabin 

By Tohn W. Holcombe, Superintendent Public Instruction. ~ • • 1 <. c x. j v^. *■ 1 r. ■ 1 v -u 

" x ■> ' ' often giving place to a frame house, and substantial brick build- 

„,, , ings appearing here and there. On the reorganization of the 

Statistic s of 1883 used in this sketch. Those of 1884 v/ill be available for a f , . • , 

second edition. | school system in 1852, the seminary property was ordered to be 

sold, and the proceeds turned over to the common school fund. 

The property was usually conveyed to the new school corporations) 

Legislation. Three enactments of the Territorial Legislature of and many f tbe buildings form part of the elegant modern struct- 

Indiana, on the subject of education, are recorded. One was passed ures which have succeeded them. A few of the better ones remain 

in 1807, incorporating the Vincennes University; one in 1808, almost intact t0 this daV) among wh ich maybe named those at 

authorizing the courts of common please to lease the lands set Brookville, Centreville and Brownstown. 

apart by the Congress for the support of schools; the other in 1810, Tbe public educational work was finally put on a firm footing 

providing for the appointment by the cDurts of trustees of the by the i ncr ease, in 1865, of the State tax for tuition from ten to 

school lands. sixteen cents on the hundred dollars. Since then the growth of 

The first constitution of Indiana, adopted preliminary to the schools has been rapid) and there are now 9,869 school houses in 

admission of the State in 1816, contained this provision : the State> and I3j058 teachers employed. 

"It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as 

circumstances will permit, to provide by law for a general system ORGANIZATION, 
of education, ascending in regular gradation from township schools 

to a State University, wherein tuition shall be gratis and equally The Corporation— The Trustee. The territorial unit of the 

open to all." public school system is the township. The people of each town- 

In the same year thhe General Assembly of the new State pro- ship elect one trustee for a term of two years, to whom are entrusted 
vided for the appointment of superintendents of school sections, the general business of the corporation and the management of its 
to insure the better care and improvement of the school lands. schools. The tustee purchases and holds in trust school prop- 
In 1818 an act was passed providing for the appointment by the erty, locates and builds school-houses, provides furniture, apparatus 
Governor of a seminary trustee in each county, who should accu- and fuel, levying for such expenditures a local tax not exceeding 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



i3 



fifty cents on the hundred dollars, He selects, contracts with and 
pays ihe teachers, receiving for this purpose the State's tuition rev- 
enue apportioned to his township, and supplementing it with a 
local levy of not more than twenty-five cents on the hundred dol- 
lars. By his authority rules and regulations and courses of study 
are made and enforced. 

Cities and towns are co-ordinate with townships as independent 
school corporations. Each of these through its common council 
appoints a school board of three members, which exercises the 
same powers in the main as the township trustee. In cities of 
thirty thousand or more population, the school trustees are elected 
by the people, in numbers varying with the size of the city. 

Each country district {i. e. the patrons of one school) elects 
annually a director, who has immediate control of the school prop- 
erty, makes temporary repairs, and exercises a limited authority 
under the direction of the trustee. But the district is not the cor- 
poration. 

The County Superintendent. The township trustees appoint a 
county superintendent of schools, whe serves for a term of two 
years. He examines and licenses teachers, visits the schools, 
holds county institutes each year, carries out the directions of the 
county board, receives and corrects the trustees' financial and sta- 
tistical reports, and exercises a general supervision over the school 
work. 

The Countv Board of Education. The trustees of the townships 
and the presidents of the school boards in each county, and the 
county superintendrnt of schools as president, constitute the county 
board of education. It prescribes the text-books which must be 
used in all lhe schools except those of cities, makes rules and reg- 
ulations of a general nature, and determines a policy in matters 
common to all the corporations. Thus uniformity of administra- 
tion throughout the entire county is secured. 

The Superintendent of Public Instruction, This officer is chosen 
by the people every two years at the general election. He is 
charged with a general supervision of the educattonal administra- 
tion throughout the State, visiting all the counties for conference 
with school officers, interpreting the school law, deciding appeals, 
receiving reports from county superintendents and auditors, and 
delivering addresses to teachers and the public. He supervises the 
management of the school funds, and semi-annually apportions 
the common school revenue among the counties. He makes reports 
to the Governor and the General Assembly. 

The State Board of Education. This is a body of professional 
educators, the members being the presidents of the State Normal 
School, University and Agricultural College, the superintendents 
of schools of the three largest cities, the State Superintendent as 
president, and the Governor pro honore. It grants, upon examina- 
tion, life licenses to teachers of experience and ability, prepares 
the questions used by the county superintendents in the examina- 
tion of teachers, and is empowered to determine questions not 
provided for by law. 

FUNDS AND REVENUES. 

The Congressional Fund. This is the proceeds of sales of the 
sixteenth section of land granted by Congress to the inhabitants of 
each Congressional township. 

It amounts to $2,469,680.78. 

The Common School Fund. This has been accumulated from 
fines and forfeitures, sales of saline and swamp lands, the State's 
share of the United States surplus revenue distributed in 1836. cer- 
tain revenues from the old State Bank, and several other sources. 
The sources of increase still remaining are escheats and estrays, and 
fines and forfeitures under the criminal statutes. 



It amounts to $6,802,230.00. 

The Total Fund is therefore $9,271,910.78. A part of it is 
invested in six per cent, bonds of the State. The remainder is 
loaned at eight per cent, on real-estate security in the different 
counties. 

The Revenues. The interest on the Congressional fund remains 
in the townships to which it belongs. The interest on the common 
school fund is paid into the State treasury, and together with the 
proceeds of the State tax of sixteen cents on the hundred dollars, 
is apportioned semi-annually by the State Superintendent to the 
several counties on the ba-is of school population. These revenues, 
with the proceeds of county liquor licenses and local tuition taxes, 
are devoted exclusively to the payment of teachers' wages. 

They amounted for 1883-4 to $3,154,082.75. 

The special school revenue, for building, etc., and current ex- 
penses, was $1,334,878.94. 

The total annual revenue was therefore $4,488,961.69. 

TRAINING AND EXAMINATION OF TEACHERS. 

The Normal School. The State Normal School gives a thorough 
pedagogical training, pre-supposing in the student a fair knowledge 
of the subject-matter of school educatian. 

Teachers" Institutes. An institute lasting not less than one week 
is held yearly in every county, in which the teachers receive 
instruction and hear lectures on the science of teaching and meth- 
ods of presenting the subjects taught in the schools. In every 
township an institute of one day is held each month of the school 
year, in which the teachers discuss questions of instruction, man- 
agement and discipline. 

The Examinations. The county superintendent holds monthly 
examinations in every county, and grants licenses, according to 
scholarship and ability to teach, for six, twelve, twenty-four and 
thirty-six months. An eight-years professional license has been 
created, but has not yet come into use. The State Board of Edu- 
cation grants life licenses, on examination, to teachers of successfu 
experience. The diploma of the Slate Normal School is a life 
license. No person without a license can teach in any public 
school in the State. 

COURSE OF STUDY. 

The Subjects. The law prescribes that trustees shall cause to be 
taught in the schools orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, 
grammar, geography, history of the United States, physiology, 
good behavior, and such other branches of learning as the patrons, 
under certain conditions may demand, or the trustee may deem 
desirable. 

The Classification. The order in which the subjects shall be 
taken up, and the time to be devoted to each, have been deter- 
mined by means of courses of study prescribed by local authori- 
ties. The county superintendents, in convention in 1884, adopted 
a uniform course of study for the district schools of the State. It 
divides the course into five grades — the first and second continuing 
through one year each, the third, fourth and fifth through two 
years each. Orthography, reading, writing and arithmetic are 
begun in the first grade and carried through the course. Geogra- 
phy and language are added in the second, language becomes 
grammar and history is added in the third, and physiology appears 
in the fourth. 

Graded Schools. Trustees are empowered to establish graded 
schools, and these present every variety of extension, from town- 
ship schools of two departments and but one or two subjects addi- 
tional to the "eight branches," up to the highly organized city 
system, capped by the high school, in which is given elementary 



14 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



instruction in science, the higher mathematics, and the ancient and 
modern languages. 

Promotion and Giaduation. On completing the district school 
course, the pupil receives a certificate which admits him to a high 
school, and on completing the course in a standard or commis- 
siened high school, the diploma then received admits him to the 
Indiana University, Purdue University, or the State Normal School. 

HIGHER INSTITUTIONS. 

Indiana University . This institution is located at Bloomington. 
It is a development from the germ contained in the act of 1828 to 
establish a college. It has received the fostering care of the Legis- 
lature in various statutes from 1852 to the act of 1883, which be- 
gan the accumulation of an endowment fund of one million dol- 
lars. Though it has recently sustained heavy losses by fire, these 
have to a great extent been repaired, and it possesses the faculty 
and equipments ot a first-class college. 

Professors 17, enrollment 300. 

Purdue University. This is the State College of Agriculture and 
the Mechanic Arts, and is located at LaFayet e. It was established 
in i860, by an act of the General Assembly appropriating the pro- 
ceeds of the land scrip received from the United States, and accept- 
ing a donation in money and land from John Purdue. It is well 
provided with laboratories, apparatus and machinery, and the fac- 
ulty is composed of able specialists. The curriculum embraces a 
thorough English and scientific education. 

Professors II, enrollment 214. 

The State Not mat School. This institution, located at Terre 
Haute, was established by the Legislature in 1865, and opened its 
doors in 1870. It receives liberal support by standing and occa- 
sional appropriations, its buildings and equipments are of the best 
quality, its faculty is composed of trained normal instructors, its 
growth has been steady and healthful. 

Professors and assistants 16, total enrollment 1 1 79, average term 
attendance 393. 

SPECIAL INSTITUTIONS. 

Institute fo) the Blind. This is located at Indianapolis, and was 
established by an act of 1847. It gives to the blind an excellent 
literary and industrial education. 

Instructors 5, enrollment 120. 

Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. This is also located at Indi- 
anapolis, and was established in 1844. It offers to the deaf and 



dumb similar advantages to those afforded the blind in the insti- 
tute last described. 

Instructors 18, enrollment 377. 

Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. This institution, located at 
Knightstown, was established in 1879, its purpose being to care 
for, support, train and instruct feeble-minded children. In it are 
employed, by skillful teachers, the most approved modern methods 
of awakening and strengthening the intellectual faculties of this 
unfortunate class, and imparting to them such instruction as they 
can receive. 

Instructors 3, inmates 87. 

Soldieis' 1 0>j>hans' Home. This Home, located also at Knights- 
town, was established in 1867. It provides maintenance and in- 
struction for the orphans of Indiana soldiers and seamen. 

Instructors 4, inmates 159. 

Reform School for Boys. This school, located at Plainfield, was 
established by an act of 1867. It receives juvenile offenders under 
the age of sixteen, committed to its care by the courts. It pro- 
vides elementary instruction in the common branches and in 
various trades and handicrafts. 

Officers and teachers 30, inmates 393. 

PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. 

The public educational work is aided and supplemented in every 
department by private enterprise. All the leading religious de- 
nominations maintain academies and colleges, non-sectarian schools 
are numerous, and private normal schools are a prominent feature 
in the State. 

Colleges. Of these there are seventeen, and their enrollment 
may be estimated at four thousand. 

Normal Schools. Of these there are ten, and their enrollment 
will not fall below five thousand. 

Schools and Academies. Statistics of these are not available, but 
their enrollment will probably equal twenty thousand 

STATISTICAL SUMMARY, 1S83. 

Total of permanent funds $9,271,910.78 

Total annual revenue 4,488,961.69 

School population (6 to 21 years) 7 I 9>°35 

School enrollment 500,668 

Teachers employed I3»°5^ 

Number o'f school houses 9,869 



Established 
1850. 



} SINKER, DAVIS & CO., { 



CAPITAL 

$200,000. 



-» MiilTrrF-'i.CTTJEEES < 



Saw Mill Machinery! 

PLAIN SLIDE-VALVE AND AUTOMATIC CUT-OFF ENGINES, 

IKON: amd ©T'EUSI^ IBOfl^EiKS, 

INDIANAPOLIS, IND. 




GOLD-DUST versus SAW-DUST.; 



THE ECONOMIC QUALITIES of our Band Saw-Log Mills have formed a new era or marked a revolution in saw milling. Owing 
to thinness of saws used, but Jg kerf is removed, while the average kerf of the circular saw is about }i inch. This shows a cash saving 
from the saw-dust pile, or an increased yield in board measure, in favor of the Band Mill, of 1,000 feet in every 6,000 feet of lumber 
cut. On thin lumber, such as ]^, y%, y% and 3^, the increased yield or saving over the circular mill is from 25 to 40 per cent., besides 
doing smoother work. Our "Gold Dust" Mill will slab a log 84 inches in diameter, and will receive and saw into boards a log that has 
been squared down to 60 inches; or, in other words, the boards will be fully 60 inches wide and any desired thickness, from one- 
quarter of an inch up. 

The Out-put of these Mills, on average logs, is 15,000 to 20,000 feet of Lumber per day. 

25,000 feet in ten hours. 

PATENT FRICTION FEED WORKS, (no belts, no gears). 



On large logs will cut 



ist. 
2d. 

3*. 
4th. 

5th. 



PATENT PILLOW OR POST, giving three adjustments to upper saw wheel. 
PATENT ROLLER GUIDES FOR TRAINING SAW. 

PATENT THROW-OFF HEAD BLOCKS, (no kinking of saw by pulling out of line). 
COMPOUND EQUALIZING LEVER, insuring uniform tension of saw. 

SEiTD FOE CA-T-A-XjOGi-TJE -A-JCSTID FEICE LIST. 



G. H. ZSCHECH & CO 

I1TD. 



HTDXA.1TAFOLXS, 

MANUFACTURERS OF- 




JJJJ 



1 




UU 



Saw Mill Machinery, and the Zschech Celebrated and Improved 

FEED WATER HEATER AND PURIFIER. 

Patented 1SBO, 1883 and. 1884. 




All that can be accomplished by a Heater is to heat water, and 
to remove all matter held in suspension, by a properly constructed 
filter, and to precipitate and catch all carbonates and oxides held in 
solution, and to expel the gases. A properly constructed heater 
must have the space containing the water in connection with the 
outer air; or, better still, the exhaust steam should pass through the 
water ; it must be so arranged that it can be easily cleaned, and 
every part that the water reaches must be accessible, for the very 
purpose of the heater is to cause the lime and its impurities to de- 
posit; the exhaust in and out of the heater must be ample and free; 
the water must be exposed to the action of heat, and interrupted in 
its passage as much as possible, so that the gas may be driven off 
and the precipitates may have time to settle. If the steam comes 
into direct contact with the water, the heater must be so constructed 
that what oil and grease comes in by the exhaust, from the engine, 
can not pass over into the boiler. It must use nothing but exhaust 
steam. Whatever heat can be taken from the steam that goes out 
by the exhaust is clear gain; but if live steam must be used it will 
add materially to the cost of fuel. 

This Heater fills all these requirements. The water is heated at 
2io°, and a purification obtained that is far beyond that shown by 
any other heater. It is easily cleaned, and every part is perfectly 
accessible. 

The Heater is built of C. H. No. i iron, with castiron remova- 
ble cones for depositing surfaces, with as many dams as practical 
to atop the water in its downward flow. The outside shell extends 
from bottom to top of heater ; the inner shell, which forms the cham- 
ber two inches wide, is closed below, around the heater, and riveted 
to the outer shell, and open on top. The lower outside shell ex- 
tends six inches below the bottom of heater, and sixteen inches 
above, and closed up in cone-shaped form. 



For further Description, Terms, &c, Address 

G. XX. ZSCHECH <& CO., 

^INDIANAPOLIS, IND. 




C. H. WALCOTT, 



MANUFACTUER AND DEALER IN 






ill 



JJJJillUllU 111 

Bolting Cloth and Grit Gause a Specialty. 






m 



"t 



IHSTO. 



1 NEW DEPA RTURE I GRA IN CLEANING. 
COMBINED SC OURER, POLISH ER & BRUSH. 

Until within recent years the process of properly cleaning wheat has received very little attention in comparison to the attention 
that the importance of the subject demands. There is indeed no part of the milling process that is of greater importance than that of 
wheat cleaning. Also this must be done at the proper time, as there is a natural order or routine in which the different stages in the 
manufacture of flour must follow, as to depart from the natural order means a loss in the quality or quantity, or both, of the flour 
product. Thus the first step after the wheat is in the bin is the important work of cleaning. The next step is its reduction and the next 
the separations, &c. 

But the subject with which we are content to deal here, is the first — the wheat cleaning, and not to be tedious in our circular, we 
solicit an examination of the principles and operation of the Teetor Combined Scourer, Polisher and Brush, which, p.fter a continual use 
of nine months, is assured to accomplish most thoroughly and efficiently this step of milling. Now, as to the condition of the grain while 
undergoing the scouring and polishing process, allow us to add that the wheat enters a chamber through which it is allowed to pass only 
in a compact mass, and in this condition is thoroughly agitated and ventilated, one grain rubbed against another. This condition 
assures that the scouring surface always remainsthe same, since it is furnished by the wheat being cleaned. Thus also, when the wheat 
is rough and hard it has similar scouring surroundings; but when the wheat is soft and more easily injured, it is again subjected to a 
scouring process of suitable severity. 



-THE- 



— ^^lOGBORN GRAIN SEPARATOR!^— 

Is Undoubtedly the best in the World. 
WHAT WILL IT DO? 

It will separate trie seeds and grain as followers : 

First, The largest and finest Wheat for Seed, free from other seeds and every impurity. 
Second, The smaller grains of Wheat well cleaned. 
Third, Grass Seed perfectly clean. 
Fourth, Cockle, cheat, and other refuse. 

Fifth, It separates and cleans Timothy and Clover Seed. The four different seeds and refuse are deposited 
in separate measures or piles. 

Sixth, A small boy can run the machine and separate 50 to 60 bushels per hour. 

Refer to C. H. WALCOTT, Manufacturer, 

Ind-ianstpolis, Ind. 



Registered Jersey Cattle 

BRED AT 







#F 



AND IMPORTED FROM ISLAND OF JERSEY. 

Oxford Down Sheep, * 

Berkshire Sheep & Fancy Poultry. 

F. M. CHURCHMAN and GEORGE JACKSON, Proprietors. 

Post-Office Address, - INGAI.LSTON, Marion Co., Ind. 



y|N presenting this sketch to our patrons, we return sincere thanks for the liberal encouragement received in the past, 
J^ and hope by renewed effort, a judicious exercise of good judgment, the result of a long and careful experience in 
~~ the business, to be able to produce results in breeding that will insure for our customers the most entire satis- 
faction. 

The herd was founded in 1869, and selected with the greatest care, no expense being spared to secure the best 
animals of the breed, butter and cream product of the ancestry, through a long line, being made a first consideration. 
This course we have adhered to at every step. In selecting males for the leadership of the herd, the first inquiry has 
always been, "What of his ancestry for butter product?" All the bulls used have descended from families noted for 
their persistence in milk, rich cream and butter yield. The results are that rich qualities are transmitted from one gen- 
eration to another with unfailing certainty. 

In making our selection, we were assisted by the combined judgment and experience of J. Milton Mackie, Esq., 
President, and Colonel George E. Waring, Secretary, of the A. J. C. C. No care, time or expense was spared to pro- 
cure fineness of quality, our object being to bring over the very choicest specimens the Island of Jersey could produce. 
The results of this care have proven of the most satisfactory character. We bought only of the most reliable and careful 
breeders, selecting from their herds the best specimens, in many instances having to pay high rates for this privilege. 
But we considered all other things secondary to rich and fine breeding. We are very. much gratified to be able to say 
that in no one instance has any of these animals disappointed us, and many of them have proven extraordinary in their 
richness. Many of them were prize-winners on the Island, and selections from them here, at some of our leading fairs 
throughout the West, have obtained the highest honors both singly and in herds. They were selected with the one great 
object in view of fine and full development of the milk organs and of the escutcheon, taking into consideration these 
important qualities in their ancestry. 

"Snap," the prize bull of the year, was secured at a long price, as leader of the herd, and he is now justly cele- 
brated as one of the richest and best sires in America. 

The numbers in the pedigrees of the Imported Animals correspond with those found in the Island of Jersey Herd Book. 




CUSTOM MILL OUTFIT. 



This engraving is intended to illustrate the differ- 
ent methods of arranging machinery for custom mills, 
as manufactured by Nordyke & Marmon Co., of In- 
dianapolis, Ind. The stones we furnish are of a 
variety of sizes. For wheat grinding the most com- 
mon sizes are 20, 30, 36, 42 and 48 inches. For 
corn grinding we make 14, 18, 20, 26, 30, 36, 42 
and 48-inch stones. We have also arranged to em- 
body in the several parts of these mills, particularly 
the bolt chest, such improvements as are found in 
our largest new process mills, making them capable 
of turning out flour that will stand inspection in any 
market, at the same time a good yield, and as econ- 
omical in the use of power as a mill can be. One 
miller and engineer can easily operate one of these 
mills, and with a given capacity of from one to two 
hundred bushels per day, allowing yi or }4 toll, the 
net profits can be easily ascertained. You get your 
pay as you go, and after summing up, we know that 
in our fast growing country no better investment can 
be made than the purchasing of one of Nordyke & 
Mormon Co's. improved mills. They are furnished 
at a price so reasonable that every neighborhood with 
sufficient demands should not be without one. 

The driving power of this mill is a 10x16 slide- 
valve engine, making 150 revolutions per minute. 
The power required to drive the mill is about 25 
H. P., though the engine will easily give 10 H. P. 
more. In running the mill for 10 hours the fuel re- 
quired will be about 1,000 lbs. of steam coal or about 
one cord of good wood. Water power can be used 
to drive this mill, in place of the engine where re- 
quired. 

The mill consists of 2 run of Old Stock French 
Burr Millstones, one used for grinding wheat and the 
other for grinding corn and teed. The stones are 
driven by }( turn belt from line shaft, and either may 
be stopped or started, without stopping the engine. 
The stones rest on a Wood Hurst Frame, and are 
covered by walnut finished curbs, the wheat stone 
having a silent feeder and the feed stone a hopper, 
shoe and damson. The spindles are of cast-iron, cast 
on end, and the trampots, what are known as copper 
lined top lift. The bolts, elevators and smutter are 
driven from an upright shaft, which is geared to the 
line shaft in basement by bevel mortice or core gears 
and pinion with dressed teeth. This shaft rests on a 
heavy steel step and is supported at each floor by 
boxes. The main line shaft in basement is coupled 
direct to engine shaft, and supported on a line of 
posts, by bracket boxes. The smut and separating 
machine stands on top of the first floor. The bolting 
chest stands on same floor and contains one reel 32 
inches diameter and 18 feet long, with double con- 
veyors, and is driven by upright shaft and mitre gear, 
from line shaft in attic. There are three elevators in 
the mill. The wheat is taken in wheat hopper on grinding floor, and passed into the foot of the wheat elevator, which 
takes it up into the attic and spouts it into the smut and separating machine, from which it passes direct into the stock 
hopper over the wheat stone. The meal from the wheat stone is spouted into an elevator and taken to the bolts. The 
c orn or feed is taken into a hopper on grinding floor and elevated into stock hopper over feed stone, and the ground 
feed elevated into a feed bin on second floor from which it can be drawn at pleasure. With the addition at any time of 
another y 2 chest of bolts, a middlings purifier, a set of rolls to grind the middlings, and a set of smooth chilled Iron 
Rolls for extracting germs, this can be made a high grinding New Process Mill. The power provided is amply sufficient. 
A few more elevators would be required 'and the change made very easily. 
Detailed specification and prices furnished on application. 




^THE + WOOTON* 



-PATENT- 



Cabinet Office ^ecreliai 1 ^ | 



The Best Office Appliance in the World. 



-a. i^ei^^_^j,i2:^.biijE: success. 



JJtHIS celebrated appliance was patented and introduced to the public in October, 
1874, since which it has found its way into all portions of the civilized ■world. 

Xt has had a large sale in Great Britain, France and Germany, and orders 
have reached us from the remotest countries on the globe. South America, 
Mexico, China, Japan, India, Egypt, Turkey and Australia have all paid tribute 
to its superior merits. 

"Wherever presented, at home or abroad, it has at once commanded the 
admiration of the best business classes, and has spontaneously elicited from 
these the appellation of THE DESK OF THE AGE. Nor has this title been 
accorded it without most excellent foundation. Considering its wonderful con- 
veniences and its admirable adaptation to all classes of business, any less 
encomium would fall short of the praise to which it is fairly entitled. 

HAYNES, SPENCER & CO., 

Richmond, Ind., I J. S. A. 



ERIE DISPATCH PRINT. 



K 



-THE 



Wooton Cabinet Office Secretary. 




"STANDARD" PATTERN.— Open. 

One hundred and ten compartments, all under one lock and key. 

(The interior arrangement of the SECRETARIES is precisely the same in each pattern 

and size.) 



EVERYTHING that ingenuity can suggest or devise to facilitate desk labor, has been introduced 
■*-* in our Secretary. Its design is altogether original and unlike that of any other office appliance. 
As a result of its ingenious construction, a much greater capacity is secured for it than is to be found in 
any other desk occupying the same floor space. Its comprehensive character is such that ample ac- 
commodations are afforded for the requirements of the most voluminous business. Every facility is 
furnished for a thorough and systematic classification of books, papers, memorandums, etc. Through 
its aid the usual fret and worry of office work is converted into a positive pleasure. It is a Miniature 
Counting-House, with a combination of such conveniences as are found best adapted for the 
manipulation of office work, and these all under one lock and key. 

With this Desk a man absolutely has no excuse for slovenly habits in the disposal of his numerous 
papers, and the man of method may here realize that pleasure and comfort, which is only to be attained 
in the verification of the maxim, " a place for everything, and everything in its place." 

The operator having arranged and classified his books, papers, etc., seats himself for business at 
the writing table, and realizes at once that he is " master of the situation." Every portion of his desk is 
accessible without change of position, and all immediately before the eye. Here he discovers that 
perfect system and order may be attained, confusion avoided, time saved, vexations spared, dispatch in 
the transaction of business facilitated, and peace of mind promoted in the daily routine of business. 

Nothing in its line can exceed it in usefulness or beauty, and purchasers everywhere 
express themselves delighted with its manifold conveniences. 

(See details next page.) 



DETAILS AS TO CONSTRUCTION 

OF THE 

HWooton Ckbiriet Office $ec¥etkry> 



TITHE Secretaries are constructed of the best seasoned material, (Black Walnut, Cherry, Oak and 
•*• Mahogany,) are solid and compact and designed for the use of a lifetime. 

The body of the desk is solidly built up, and rests upon projecting feet, as shown in the cut ; these 
are mounted on heavy rollers, so the Desk can be readily moved at will. The wings are attached to 
the body by means of three pairs of extra heavy butts, which are made for the purpose and capable of 
sustaining great weight. The lid at the top of the Desk folds down, and when the Desk is closed the 
doors rest against the front side of this lid, holding it in place. When the operator desires to close his 
Desk he has only to place the work before him in its appropriate place, turn down the lid at the top, 
swing up the writing-leaf and close the doors. The turning of the handle-knob of the right hand door 
loi ks the three pieces firmly in an ingenious manner, and the whole thing is accomplished in a few 
seconds. 

The No. 2 SECRETARY, (the most popular size,) has an inside measurement of — height, 
four feet ; width, six feet. Here, then, is a face stirface of twenty -four feet. With this space 
practically utilized, it will readily be seen what conveniences may be secured. 

i. There are forty pigeon-holes in the right hand wing, filled with our patent filing boxes. Here 
forty files of papers and letters may be kept (free from dust and intrusion,) all within reach of the 
operator as seated at the table. These filing boxes are made with a slot or groove for the introduction 
of labels, which may be changed at any time, without mutilating the boxes by the usual process of past- 
ing. This set of boxes is one of the special features of the Desk, and reference only is needed to such an 
important acquisition, to be appreciated by all whose business requires such accommodations 

The writing-leaf is supported by automatic braces, which fold up (when the leaf is closed) 
against the inner edge of the Desk. These braces rest beneath, on thumb screws, which can be raised 
or lowered as wished, thus securing any desired slope of the table — or, if preferred, the table may 
be made perfectly level. 

2. There are ten drawers in the body of the Desk for such additional papers and memorandums 
as it may be necessary to occasionally refer to — four of these (the largest beneath the table) being 
designed for stationery. At the top of the Desk are shelves, stretching across the whole width, for the 
accommodation of large blanks, legal, foolscap and letter paper. This has been found a valuable 
feature. Eleven spaces or racks, of different dimensions, for books; also, a large space over left hand 
drawer, in the body of the Desk, for books of reference, etc., and a large opening between the smaller 
drawers for ink-stands, pen-rack, pencils, pens, etc. The remaining portion of the space is divided into 
shelves, racks, etc., of such varied dimensions as are found to best accommodate miscellaneous invoices, 
bills of lading, blanks, letter clips, and memorandums of different forms and shapes. 

3. In the centre of the left hand wing will be found a small hinged door, which opens toward the 
writing-leaf. This discloses a letter-box, which has an opening on the outer face of the Desk, where a 
bronzed spring letter-plate is introduced. This has been pronounced a great convenience, as the user 
of the Desk can here have his mail matter dropped during absence, where it remains free from intrusion 
until his return. 

We have recently added a Yale Lock to the upper right hand drawer above the table, and have 
introduced a plate-glass panel in the door of the letter box, so the contents may be discerned -without 
opening. Also small pencil drawers on each side, above the ink space. 

The SECRETAR Y is madein three patterns, the ''''Standard" '■''Queen Anne," and '■'Extra," 
each pattern being produced in three sizes. The interior arrangement is the same in each pat- 
tern, and as represented in the cut o?i opposite page. Two cuts are given on the outside page show- 
ing exteriors of the "STANDARD" and " QUEEN ANNE" patterns. The Desks are 
elegantly finished, backs handsomely paneled, and may occupy any position in a room or office with 
fine effect. 

Details as to finish, and jneasurement of the various compartments, together with prices sent 
on application, by 

HAYNES, SPENCER & CO., 

RICHMOND, IND., U.S. A. 

Laige cuts of tie Secretary (10x12 iicHes) foinMefl whea applied for. 




THE WOOTON 



QUEEN ANNE" PATTERN. 





\l 



Elegance of Design 



PRACTICAL WORTH COMBINED 



TT VER YWHERE regarded an elegant 
piece of furniture. Whether 
open or closed, its graceful proportions 
are alike pleasing to the eye and a . 
source of gratification to the possessor. 
It is a universal favorite as an adorn- 
ment for either office, library or draw- 
ing room. As an ornament for the 
home it has found special favor. It 
combines an elegance of appearance 
with practical worth as a repository for 
many things which have not heretofore 
found an appropriate receptacle in the 
household. Such articles as it may be 
desired should have a place where they 
can be readily referred to when needed, 
and yet not accessible to the general 
visitor ; such as unframed engravings, 
prints and chromos, stereoscopic views, 
unbound serials, coin and mineral col- 
lections, books and papers of a private 
character, family relics and valuables 
of the usual variety found in the homes 
of thousands of well-to-do people 
throughout the country. Here they 
may be deposited under lock and key 
until required, when they can be re- 
ferred to with facility. 



STANDARD " PATTERN. 



THE VERY BEST 



WE OFFER FOR SALE 




THE MARKET 



Harrow Drags at an Angle of 45 Oegrees 



"IRON 

DUKE. 



First Premium at the Ohio State Fair, over 44 competitors «,-■„„ , . . ,.. . 

leading Harrows. 1. It is the strongest Harrow made 2 The teVth ™' U L ln T P , et "" e teB , 1 at XcuL « and Dayton against 12 and 14 of the 
clog, as the teeth can be set to suit the conditions of the soil fyl'tf' at any angle, either forward or backward 3 It win not 
wide. 5. It is perfect in its construction. 6. Its flexible hinge 1™„!J ? Se ?^ ne 4 WO ' thr f e °F four sections, each section being four feet 
are readily reversed, keeping them always self-sharpened S { f H w?}f^ ateS the farrow to the inequalities of the ground 7 Itsteeth 
Harrow will in two, 9. It is a perfect smoothing Harrow 'for onm™V° m ° re P® rfect work in one harrowing than; any straight-tooth 



PRESTON'S 

Combination Chair. 

or l^X^^it^Jir^J^n^Sft C aTo 8 ck n i^f ffiip! VnTc T' 
so adjusted as to suit a lady in any position in whiphshA ™fi i,?' an ? ca * be 

ir t t h n e g toV rt by r ° CkiDg ° Ver - " Can * ««5SSi ^f^rt^l &?&£ 

b.U^'up £ iht eTd'fo'A'he'hf^o^Cr^r Vh^otfhixr SS S^ ^ & e 
Jour different positions, making tteto^r^^SS^^Kftj? ?& 

money than any other one chair in 

the market. 





TOEZlSr PEESTON, 

78 West Market St., Indianapolis. 



INDIANAPOLIS. 



The first settlement of Indianapolis was the first in Marion 
county. The following spring brought several families. 
The summer and fall added to these, and by the beginning 
of '21 there was quite a settlement. While the settlement 
consisted of not more than a half dozen families, it was 
selected as the site of the future State Capital. 

The act of Congress of April 19th, 181 6, gave to the 
State for the site of a Capital four sections of land anywhere 
the Legislature might choose on the unsold lands of the 
general government. On the nth of January, 1820, the 
Legislature appointed ten commissioners to make the selec- 
tion. Five accepted and served, and on the 7th of June, 
1820, they agreed on what was called the "Fall Creek 
Site." The commissioners reported to the Legislature the 
following session, and on the 6th of January, 1821, the 
selection was confirmed and the new Capital called Indian- 
apolis (the city of Indiana). The same act appointed 
Christopher Harrison, James Jones and Samuel P. Booker 
to "lay off" the town, and to meet on the site on the 1st 
of April to begin work. Only Mr. Harrison attended, but 
he proceeded alone with his work. 

LAYING OFF THE TOWN. 

Mr. Harrison appointed as surveyors Elijah P. Fordham 
and Alexander Ralston. Ralston did most of the work, 
and lived and died in the town about ten years later. 
Shortly before his death he made a survey of White River, 
on an order of the Legislature, to determine the feasibility 
of making it navigable by dams and locks. The Congres- 
sional donation of four square miles was not all put into the 
new city plat. Only one mile square in the center, with a 
half mile border of "out lots" was platted. This was laid 
off into blocks of 420 feet, ten each way, with intervening 
streets of 90 feet, the blocks divided by 30 feet alleys east 
and west, and 15 feet alleys north and south, making three 
lots in each quarter of a square and 12 in a full square, 
each a little over 66 feet front by 205 or 195 feet deep, 
according as it ran to a wide or narrow alley. In the center 
dividing Market street, the Circle Park— then and for many 
years called the "Governor's Circle," because intended for 
the Governor's residence — was laid off with an 80 feet street 
around it, while from the farther corners of the four squares 
adjoining it four avenues were laid off. These were called 
Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana and Massachusetts. Except 
Market street, dividing the plat from east to west, and 
Meridian dividing it from north to south, and Washington, 
the principal street, 120 feet wide, all the streets were 
named after States. The donation outside of the square 
mile of the original city plat, was laid off in "out lots." 



The city now includes all these and twice as much more. 
The first sale of lots was held on the 10th of October, 
1 82 1. The proceeds were reserved by the State to erect 
suitable public buildings, and in that same year S8, 000 was 
appropriated for a court house, as above related, on condi- 
tion that the State Legislature should hold its annual session 
there. From the same resource was obtained the money 
to build a ferry-house at the foot of Washington street; a 
residence for the Governor in the Circle— never used ex- 
cept by the Supreme Judges and some of the State officers, 
and torn down in 1857— a State treasury office and resi- 
dence where the present State building is; and a State- 
house begun in a 1832, finished in 1835, and torn down 
after over forty years of service in 1877. 

For three years after the "laying out" of the town, it 
was a backwoods village of little pretention or prospect. 
There was no wagon road to older settlements, the river 
was not navigable except for Indian pirogues that brought 
an occasional load of corn from above, the region was in- 
fested with chills, and the capital still remained at Corydon, 
to which place it had been removed from Vincennes three 
years before the State's admission into the Union, in 18 16. 
In November, 1824, however, the capital with all its ap- 
purtenances except the Legislature came in a four-horse 
wagon, traveling twelve miles a day. On the 15th of the 
following January the Legislature m«£ and then the coun- 
try town began to feel the impulse of a new life. But it 
remained with no considerable change except the usual 
fluctuations of business and health, a mere county seat an- 
nually swelled a little by legislatures and hangers-on, till 
way was opened for business by the completion of the 
Madison railroad, October 1, 1847. During this period of 
twenty-three years, from the coming of the capital till the 
coming of the first railroad, the town gave no promise of 
its present condition. But in it must be traced the germs 
of most of the important elements of its development, and 
these and the leading features of its history will be briefly 
noticed. 

PUBLIC SCHOOLS — HISTORY. 

The history of the public schools need not be long to 
be complete. The city charter, in r847, authorized the 
citizens to decide by popular vote whether they would 
levy a tax to support free schools. The majority for the 
schools was two to one. The population of the town was 
about 6, 000. The tax was levied and paid, and lots bought 
and houses built for school purposes for six years before 
the system was well enough established and provided to be 
put in operation. During this time the trustee of each 
district managed it as best he could without any general 



24 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



organization. In 1843 an organization was made. Henry 
P. Coburn, Calvin Fletcher and Henry F. West were made 
a board of trustees for all the schools. In March they 
elected ten teachers and required all pupils to pay $2.25 a 
term. On the 25th of April the schools were made free 
for two months. As the means increased from the State 
school fund the State tax— levied under the provision of 
the new Constitution for "a general and uniform system of 
common schools wherein education should be free and 
equally open to all" — and the local tax assessed by popular 
will, the schools were more and more largely attended, the 
free terms made longer, and the system gradually advanced 
to the commanding position it holds how. This attainment, 
however, was grievously retarded by a decision of the 
Supreme Court, in 1858, which held the city school tax 
unconstitutional " for lack of uniformity" — a weak pretext 
for an interested and calamitous act. It was five years be- 
fore the schools recovered from this blow. During a part 
of this time they were kept free for three months in the 
year by the State tax and fund, the pupils in most cases 
paying what was needed for longer terms. A succeeding 
Supreme Bench overruled the decision of 1858, and the 
Legislature made wise and liberal provisions under the bet- 
ter construction of the Constitution, and since then the 
schools have grown continuously and enormously. In the 
winter ot 1867 "night schools" were opened. In 1869 
two schools were founded for colored pupils in the Fourth 
and Sixth Ward houses. A "training school" was opened 
in 1866. In April, 1873, tne School Board, by authority 
of law, opened the City Library in the High School build- 
ing, corner of Pennsylvania and Michigan streets, subse- 
quently removed it jp the Sentinel building, and in 1880 to 
a building on the corner of Pennsylvania and Ohio streets, 
erected purposely for it. The use of it is free under a few 
very easy conditions regarding the safety of the books, 
and the number taken is enormous, being by the last report 
no less than 127,736 for the last year. The whole number 
in the library is 23,198 books and 3,252 pamphlets. The 
city is divided into eleven school districts; the commis- 
sioners are elected by the people in May for three years; a 
city tax of 20 cents is levied for school purposes and 2 
cents for the library. The number of school houses is 29, 
including the High School; the number of teachers is 250, 
about 225 females to 25 males; the number of pupiL en- 
rolled, 14,691; the average belonging to school, 10,198; 
the average daily attendance, 9,495 ; annual expenses, in- 
cluding the library, $231,407; the value of school prop- 
erty, including books and furniture of library, $1,071,411. 

INDIANAPOLIS ORPHAN ASYLUM 

Is located in the northeastern part of the city, on Col- 
lege and Home avenue. It is an outgrowth of the Benev- 
olent Society, and was designed by its founders to care for 
both widows and orphans. The lack of funds necessitated 
a change of purpose in regard to the extent of its charities, 



and it was decided to take charge only of the most helpless 
objects, the orphans and half orphans. 

In 1846 a Board of Managers was chosen, who were 
exclusively ladies, with Mrs. Marcia Willard as President. 
An Advisory Board of gentlemen was also appointed, 
among whom were James A. Blake and James M. Ray. 

In 1850 a charter was obtained from the Legislature, 
and in 1854 they were enabled to purchase two lots, and 
received a lot by donation for the establishment of a Home 
on North Tennessee and First streets.. 

In 1855 the first building was erected, by donations re- 
ceived, at a cost of $1,200. The old building and grounds 
on Tennessee street were too small to answer the increas- 
ing demand of our growing city. The managers, during 
the past year, purchased the present site at a cost of $32,000, 
having had it leased for a term of years, it having proved 
to be a most desirable and remarkably healthy location. 

The Public School Board furnishes a teacher for all chil- 
dren over six years of age. Those under six and over 
three years of age are provided with an excellent, tender, 
motherly instructor. The last annual wiitten report showed 
that there were 103 children inmates of the asylum, all 
under 1 2 years but four ; 37 of these are under 6 years. The 
children in this asylum are under the best of Christian 
influence, and they demonstrate continually the happiness 
found in mingling with those who love them. Good homes 
are sought and obtained for those children who are only 
kept temporarily. They are looked after, and many of 
them have grown up to be honorable and useful citizens. 
We are warranted in saying that the number of children 
temporarily provided for, through the charity of the Indi- 
anapolis Orphan Asylum, numbers 2,500. 

The first year of its existence its receipts were $113.16, 
and its expenditures $98.30, the number cared for not being 
specified. Its charities were quite limited, being entirely 
dependent on private contributions. The outlook for a 
time was very discouraging, yet by the persistent efforts of 
its managers and increasing aid from the public, it lived 
through years of financial embarrassment and succeeded in 
performing its work of charity ; in caring for comparatively 
few of the objects of its solicitude. During the years of 
the rebellion its efforts were greatly paralyzed by the demand 
for public funds. In 1869 the building was enlarged at a 
cost of $300, all of which was received by donations. Since 
that period it has grown steadily in the line of usefulness. 

The Orphan Asylum has as yet no endowment. The 
county has come to its assistance by a quarterly allowance 
for the board of each child, which has been an important 
item in helping its managers enlarge its charities, and it 
stands to-day among the most useful institutions for benev- 
olence of our city. 

MANUFACTURING ADVANTAGES — SITUATION . 

Indianapolis stands in a vast plain, nowhere obstructed 
by hills or large rivers. The opportunity to spread is illim- 




o 

_l 

o 
o 

< 

z 
< 

o 

z 

L- 

o 



3 

m 

i 

(0 

3 
o 

Q. 

< 

z 
< 

Q 
z 

H 
4 

-I 
< 

Q. 
< 

o 

111 

H 
<* 
h 
</> 

3 
ui 

Z 



26 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



itable. Consequently there can never be such high prices 
for good manufacturing sites as are constantly exacted in 
localities of restricted area. At any given line a buyer has 
only to go a few yards further out to get as cheap a lot as 
he could have got nearer a few years before. The differ- 
ence is only in the distance to business centers, and this is 
of little consequence, especially to the workmen in indus- 
trial establishments, who want homes and lots of their own 
and have railroad conveyance in every direction. Cheap 
sites make a big advantage for the location of manufacturers. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

As already noticed, Indianapolis is provided with rail- 
roads almost as profusely as its limits will allow room for. 
Thirteen — including the old Madison road — are completed, 
and two approaching completion. Most of the towns in 
the State can be reached and a return made in a day. The 
effect is seen in the immense freight business of the city, as 
above specified. 

FUEL. 

The sources of cheap and constant motive power are 
close, abundant and unfailing. The State's coal field covers 
one-fifth of its whole area, nearly 7,000 square miles, and 
it is entered by five railroads terminating at Indianapolis, 
the I., D. & S., the I., B. & W., the I. & St. L., the I. & 
T. H. , the I. & V. The different grades of coal suit all 
possible demands. One is a good steam coal, another good 
gas coal, another, the celebrated "block coal," is the best 
iron-working fuel on earth, being really a mineral charcoal, 
almost wholly free from sulphur and phosphorous and burn- 
ing without fusing like wood or charcoal. * This feature is 
especially valuable in smelting iron, and with the absence 
of all deletereous elements like sulphur, makes it first of all 
metallic manufacturing fuel known. The competition of 
five railroads will keep it cheap, and its abundance is be- 
yond exhaustion. At the present rate of coal production in 
England, the Indiana coal pioduction will last 600 years 
longer than any establishment now in existence will want 
to use it. 

TAXES. 

The city debt of Indianapolis is about a million and a 
half and can not be increased. Its tax rate is limited to 
$1.10 on $100 and can not be exceeded. No loan can be 
made but for current expenses without special authority. 
The city tax last year was $1.07 on $100. The State and 
county taxes last year amounted to 63 cents on $100. The 
total of all taxes, city, State and county, for roads, schools, 
State-house and all civil purposes, was $1.70 on $100. 
There is no city in the county with the same population and 
business interests with so low a rate of aggregate taxation. 

RESOURCES. 

No location in or out of the State is surrounded by a 
better agricultural country, better grain crops, larger pork 
supplies, or so large and handy resources of hard wood, 



black walnut, oak, ash, beech, sugar or poplar. It is the 
greatest center of the black walnut trade. 

MANUFACTURES — PRESENT — PORK PACKING. 

This is the oldest of the city's industries in continuous 
existence, as well as the largest always. The first attempt 
was a failure, as is commonly the case with an enterprise 
modeled on too large a scale for the community. It was 
by James Bradley in 1833. He bought slaughtered hogs 
of farmers and cut and packed. Nothing further was 
attempted for about five years, when Mr. John H. Wright, 
of Richmond, began buying slaughtered hogs of farmers 
and shipping them off by flat boats during the spring floods. 
He was joined by his father, the late Jeremiah Mansur, 
and this sort of business was kept up until the completion 
of the Madison railroad in the fall of 1847. Most of the 
packing was done at Broad Ripple. From the time railroad 
transportation became possible the business increased rap- 
idly. About the same time — 1847-8 — Benjamin I. Blythe 
and Edwin Hedderly built a house and began killing and 
packing. It would be interesting to know something of 
the extent of the busines at this time, but no record was 
made except on the ledgers of the packing houses, but 
such information as is attainable makes it probable that the 
number of hogs killed by both parties during the season — 
and no dther killing was known then — did not exceed 
20,000. In 1873-4 it was 295,766; in 1880, 746,488. 

Tracing for a moment the particulars of the development 
of this important business, it may be noticed that the first 
addition to the two houses of 1847-8 was made in 1852-3 
by Macy & McTaggart in a house at the east end of the 
Vandalia railroad bridge. It is gone now, entirely. In 
1855 Colonel Allen May built a house near the Crawfords- 
ville road bridge, and packed there until he failed, during 
the panic of 1857 ; his house was burned in 1858. So his 
enterprise died and left no trace anywhere. The big addi- 
tion to the pork industry was made in 1864 by Kingan, 
and to him the city is indebted for the introduction of the 
only important improvement recently made in it. That is 
the "summer packing." The value of this change is 
almost incalculable, if all the consequences are considered. 
It has vastly enlarged the aggregate of business ; it has em- 
ployed hundreds of men who would otherwise have been 
idle ; it has given the farmer a constant instead of a peri- 
odical market for his hogs, and it has kept up a movement 
of money and business, when without it there must have 
been more or less sluggishness and possible stricture of 
business. In the summer of 1880 Kingan killed 277,270 
hogs. The burning of Ferguson's house in February, 
1 88 1, reduced the business of the past year, and the short- 
age of crops helped the mischief so that the aggregate of 
1 88 1 was a little less than a half a million. Fluctuations 
like this are inevitable in all industries, and in pork more 
than in most others. In 1873 the number of hogs killed 
was 295,766, value $7,614,000. In 1878 it was 766,000; 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



27 



in 1879, 667,000; in 1880, 746,500; in 1881, 47M94, the 
falling off being the effect of short crops and bad times 
generally for agricultural affairs. The general result has 
been an advance, as the number in 1877 was only 420,000. 
This year the promise of good crops, if realized, will fully 
restore the deficiency. The total value of hog products in 
1880 was 810,516,000, and the number of hands employed 

1,235- 

IRON MANUFACTURE. 

The first attempt at the manufacture of iron here was 
made about three years earlier than the first attempt at pork 
packing. It resulted in much the same way. R. A. 
McPherson & Co. put up the building for an iron foundry 
in 1832, and kept up a spasmodic business till 1835 and 
quit. In that year Robert Underhill established a foundry, 
and here for twenty years he maintained the first paying 
iron manufactory in the city. It was a small business and 
did only such casting as was required by country custo- 
mers, millers and farmers. The amount of it, of course, 
is purely conjectural, but no reasonable conjecture can 
make it more than a few thousands of dollars a year. 

The "boom" in this, as in several other industries, as 
already noticed, came with the completion of the first rail- 
way in 1847. At that time Watson & Voorhees established 
the Eagle Machine Works, in which they were succeeded 
in 1859 by Hasselman & Vinton. Two destructive fires 
in close succession in 1852-3 obstructed their progress, but 
in spite of their losses they added the manufacture of 
threshing machines and agricultural implements to their 
business in time to make a most creditable exhibition in 
1853 at the first State Fair. Not long after this Mr. Under- 
hill abandoned his foundry and established a machine shop 
on the northern bank of the creek, at the crossing of the 
same street, now enlarged into the Sinker & Davis estab- 
lishment. In 1850 Mr. Root started his stove foundry on 
the same street, near South street, and Mr. Haugh began 
making iron railing. Later came the Phoenix Works, the 
Novelty Works, the Quaker City Works, the Atlas Works, 
Hetherington & Berner's, Dean Bros., the File Factory, 
Atkins' Sheffield Saw Works, and in 1858 the greatest addi- 
tion of all, the Rolling Mill, at first, and for some years, a 
failure, but soon redeemed and made the most important 
of the city's industries. 

No complete statistics of this important industry prior 
to 1873 are attainable, but for that year the Secretary of 
the Board of Trade makes a full and accurate report, 
which shows that the foundries and machine shops turned 
out for 1872 $1,375,000 worth of work, and for 1873 
$1,421,000 worth, used $878,000 of capital and employed 
633 hands. The rolling mill turned out $1,400,000 worth 
of rails in 1872, and $1,580,000 in 1873, employed $900,- 
000 capital and 475 hands. The Malleable Iron Works 
turned out $175,000 worth of work in 1873, with a capital 
of $115,000 and the employment of 70 hands. File works 



turned out $47,000 worth of pruduct with $21,000 capital 
and 46 hands. Edge tools, $15,000 of product, $5,000 
capital, 9 hands. The aggregate of all forms of industry 
dealing with iron or steel, except agricultural implements, 
was, in 1873, in product $3,238,000, capital $1,919,00 , 
hands 1,233. In 1880 the aggregate product of foundries, 
machine shops, rolling mills and saw works was by the 
census — and we have later report — $3,869,000, and the 
number of hands employed 2,241, an increase of 20 per 
cent, in product and nearly 100 percent, in the number of 
hands employed. These returns are but vague indications. 
They do not present the same class of details with the same 
particularity, and consequently do not allow comparisons 
except at one or two points. The product of the Rolling 
Mill, for instance, was larger, according to the estimates of 
the Secretary, in 1880 and 1881 — 24,000 tons — than in any 
years previously, but the value of the product has declined 
since 1873, and the total value returned in 1881 is less than 
in 1873. 

The new steel mill in operation, with a force of 400 to 
500 hands, can turn out about $3,000,000 of steel rails an- 
nually. 

A large company has purchased the suspended iron foun- 
dry at Haughsville, west of the river, and have opened with 
a force of several hundred hands, making one of the largest 
establishments in the country for the manufacture of mallea- 
bles. 

LUMBER AND MANUFACTURES OF WOOD. 

Although the second largest in value of annual pro- 
ducts, and altogether the largest in the force of hands it 
employs, the manufacture of wood in all forms, with the 
trade in lumber, is the least satisfactorily exhibited in the 
reports attainable of all the industries of the city. It is 
impossible to obtain anything earlier than the Board of 
Trade report for 1873. However, the trade in lumber, 
hard and soft, as well as the manufacture of wood on an 
extended scale, are almost wholly the growth of the last 
twenty years. It would be a satisfaction to be able to trace 
the growth, by authentic details, of even three or four of 
the leading wooden industries, but there are no materials 
for comparison earlier than '73 that can be made available. 

As far as possible an exhibit of some of the leading man- 
ufacturers, and of the lumber trade, will be made within 
the period beginning with that year. The value of the 
lumber sold in the city in '73 was $4,942,000. In 1881 
the receipts of lumber, exclusive of shingles, laths and 
staves — all three important items, but with no detail of 
amount or value in any report — were 152,000 M's, the 
value of which at the average of prices for that year, taking 
"common stuff" with the best, would be about $6,000,000. 
How much shingles, staves and laths would add to this can 
not be conjectured even by lumber dealers, with accuracy 
enough to allow it to enter into a comparison of the annual 
amount of business. Something more definite and satisfac- 
tory is found in the reports of cooperage and stave products, 



I 



28 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXIBITION. 



In 1873 the total value of products in the department of 
wood work was $181,000; in 1880 it was $1,106,861. It 
employed 127 hands in 1873, and 690 in 1881. The fur- 
niture product of 1873 was $735,000, with 356 hands. In 
1881 it was $1,074,600, with 1,316 hands. The aggregate 
products of all the industries of the city, employing wood 
or lumber wholly or mainly in their operations, was in 1873 
$3,013,200, and the force of hands 2,570. In 1880 the 
aggregate product of the same class of industries, as far as 
it can be extracted from the census report, was $5,867,000, 
and the number of hands 4,914. 

Indianapolis is, and has from the first, been the center 
of the hard wood lumber and black walnut trade. Of its 
extent and progress some idea is afforded by a comparison 
of the reports of '73 and '79, '80 and '81, though they are 
not in a shape to allow a ready use for such purposes. In 
1873 the total sales of lumber were 119,800,000 feet, "of 
which," says the Board of Trade, "about one-half was 
black walnut," that is about 60,000,000 feet. In 1872 the 
total value of sales of all forms of lumber was $4,016,931, 
against $4,942,000 in 1873, a very large growth in one 
year. In 1879 the total receipts of lumber were 104,537 
M's, while 12,180,000 feet of logs were received by rail 
and 4,000,000 feet by wagon, "about half of which was 
walnut," that is about 8,000,000 feet of walnut logs. The 
proportion of walnut in the lumber received is not stated, 
but if it was as large as the proportion in 1873 tne walnut 
trade in 1879 would be about 60,000,000 feet, just what it 
was in 1873. The failure of advance in this trade is easily 
accounted for. The black walnut does not grow to a mer- 
chantable magnitude in a year or two; it takes more nearly 
a century. So as trees disappear the trade is bound to de- 
cline. There is nothing to replace the loss. In 1880 the 
receipt of lumber was 111,231,000 feet, and 8,520,000 feet 
of logs were received by rail, and 4,000,000 feet by wagon. 
Of these latter receipts only one-eighth was walnut and one- 
half oak, showing a rapid waste of the walnut growth ot 
theState. In 1 881 the receipts of lumber were 152,902,000 
feet, but no receipts of logs are reported, and no estimate 
is made of the proportion of walnut. There can be little 
doubt of its rapid decline, however, and its extinction, or 
something very near it, can not be far off. 

GRAIN AND ITS PRODUCTS. 

In this important branch of the city's commerce and 
industry, the facts upon which to construct an exhibit of 
the progress from time to time are as impossible to come 
by, beyond the earlier part of the last decade, as in other 
branches. Milling has, of course, been a leading industry 
ever since the city was laid out. It usually is in agricul- 
tural communities. But it does not always become a com- 
mercial enterprise, even where it is an indispensable part 
of a community's industry. Here it was not until the 
opening of railway transportation made it so. 

The total value of grain sold in this city in 1873 was 



over $3,000,000, The flouring mills produced a total value 
of $1,926,000, with $635,000 capital and 96 hands. In 
1879 the sales of wheat amounted to 7,707,750 bushels, 
worth, at the average prices of that year, over $8,000,000. 
The sales of corn were 12,647,000, at the average price of 
that year worth $5,000,000. The product ot flour that 
year was 210,822 barrels. In 1880 the total of the grain 
sales by the Board of Trade was 17,067,278 bushels, val- 
ued at $9,791,124. Adding sales outside the Board, esti- 
mated at $2,500,000, the total for 1880 was $12,191, 124. 
The total production of flour was 250,000 barrels, a gain 
of nearly 50,000 barrels over the year before. In 1881 
there was a decrease in the receipts of nearly 4,089,503 
bushels, the crop all over the country being short. That 
of this State fell off 16,500,000 bushels. The flour prod- 
uct fell off 11,129 barrels from the same cause. All grain 
products were reduced with the reduction of the crop. 

The total milling capacity of the city is now about 2,000 
barrels a day. In addition to the manufacture of wheat 
flour, a large business is done in the manufacture of corn 
flour, hominy and grist. There are three mills in the city 
applied exclusively to this class of milling. One of them 
has been erected since the spring. Each of these has a 
capacity for 500 to 2,000 bushels of corn a day. The 
product in 1881 was 12,000 barrels of meal and corn flour, 
22,000 barrels hominy and grist, and 4,500,000 pounds of 
feed. 

SUMMARY. 

The total amount of manufactures produced here in 1873 
was $28,012,740, with a capital of $11,076,000, and the 
employment of 8,175 hands. In 1880 the aggregate man- 
ufactured product of the city was -31,525,748, the number 
of hands 14,482, and of establishments 801. The last 
report of the Secretary of the Board of Trade reports, but 
not in detail, that there has been a large advance on the 
product of 1 88c during the year 1881. 

The effect of the exhibit thus made must be to enforce 
the opinion with which it opened, that Indianapolis is as 
admirably adapted by situation, facilities of transportion, 
supply of fuel, health, education, cheapness of building 
sites, and every other consideration that goes to fix the de- 
cision of sensible men in investing capital in manufactures, 
as any city of its size, or any size, in the whole country. 
The advantages of the Belt Road and Stock Yards are 
merely alluded to, as they only incidentally concern the 
subject of manufactories. But they are important elements 
of growth and prosperity, and therefore not to be over- 
looked. The same may be said of the State Fair, which 
is annually held in the northern suburb of the city, with a 
vast exposition building and an amply furnished ground 
for all kinds of agricultural or mechanical exhibitions, 
which are freely at the city's service, and very freely and 
and frequently used. 

Within the past two years fourteen new manufactories 
have been started or enlarged, which will employ 1,200 
hands, and produce probably $4,000,000 of value of work. 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



29 



WOODBURN "SARVEN WHEEL" COMPANY, 
Manufacturers of Vehicle Wheels, Bybee & Pratt, 
Proprietors. The extensive establishment which furnishes 
the subject-matter for the present sketch, and which is 
to-day the most extensive of its kind in the world, was 
founded in a modest way and upon a comparatively small 
scale more than a quarter of a century ago for the manu- 
facture of wagon material, and a few years later that special 
variety of vehicle known to the trade as the " Sarven pat- 
ent wheel." During this period there have been numerous 
changes in the personnel of its management and proprie- 
torship, until in 1870 it was incorporated as the Woodburn 
Sarven Wheel Company under the laws of the State of 
Indiana. Several years ago this company became the 
property of Mr. Addison Bybee and Mr. J. F. Pratt, 
these gentlemen having for several years previously 
held a large interest in the works, and under their 
efficient and energetic management the scope of its opera- 
tions has been considerably enlarged. The plant of the 
present company comprises about seven acres, upon which 
are erected commodious and substantial buildings for man- 
ufacturing purposes, equip- 
ped with special devices of 
wood - working machinery, 
propelled by a mammoth 
steam engine of 500-horse 
power. Upon these premi- 
ses are also immense ware- 
houses, sheds, dry kilns, 
etc., and spacious yards for 
the storage of lumber and 
stock. An average force, 
of over 500 skilled and ex- 
perienced workmen is em- 
ployed, necessitating an an- 
nual disbursement for the 
item of labor alone of more 
than $200,000. The products 
prise every variety of vehicle 



This sustains and supports the arch formed by the spokes, 
and yet leaves the same elasticity of wood in the hub and 
spokes that is in the common wheel. The standard wheels 
manufactured by this company are not excelled by any in 
the market, the best proof of this assertion being the 
largely increased demand for them from all sections of the 
United States and Canada and the rapid growth of the 
business transacted by the company. This is also attested 
by the fact that during 1883 they manufactured and sold 
more than 80,000 sets of vehicle wheels. In order to meet 
the increased demands upon them they built and equipped, 
in November last, a complete wheel factory for the manufac- 
ture of heavy wheels, thus making a separate and special 
department for this kind of work. 




INDIANAPOLIS CABINET WORKS. 



of these works corn- 
wheels, Sarven patent 
band hub, Warner and plain wood hub, from those adapted 
to the lightest sulky to those intended for the most 
ponderous drays capable of sustaining a weight of six to 
eight ton. The Sarven wheel is the only wheel manufac- 
tured having a mortised wood hub and turned spokes, sup- 
ported by flanges which are connected by rivets, and those 
produced by this company are made from the very best 
material and in the most thorough and substantial manner, 
and their construction may be briefly described as follows : 
The hubs and spokes are mortised and tenoned like the 
common wheel, but in addition to this the spokes are 
mitered so as to form a solid arch outside of the hub. The 
face of the spoke is dressed with the most perfect accuracy 
by machinery ; then two flanges made of choice malleable 
iron are fitted to the hubs and spokes and riveted through. 



INDIANAPOLIS CABINET COMPANY, Cabinet 
Work and Veneers, Malott Avenue. Prominent among 
the industrial establishments pursuing a most important 
branch of productive industry, bearing upon the general 

commercial prosperity and 
manufacturing thrift of the 
community, the Indianapo- 
lis Cabinet Company claims 
conspicuous recognition in 
these pages as being the 
most extensive establish- 
ment of its class west of the 
Allegheny Mountains, anc : 
one of the largest in th< 
United States. The pre 
sent company, which wa ' 
organized in 1880 with 
capital stock of $150,000, is 
the outgrowth of an enter- 
inaugurated in this city in 
1862, as a branch of the Wheeler & Wilson Sewing 
Ma-chine Company, of Bridgeport, Conn., for the man- 
ufacture of tables, cabinets, etc., for their machines.' 
The officers of the company are John Roberts, presi- 
dent, and F. A. Coffin, secretary and treasurer. These 
gentlemen are also proprietors and sole stockholders 
of extensive veneering works, conducted on the same 
premises, with a capital invested of $110,000. The plant 
of these extensive works occupies a ground space of about 
six acres at the head of Malott street, with switches from 
the Bee Line Railroad running directly into the grounds, 
and one into the main building itself. One of these 
switches has a capacity for seventy-five cars at one time, 
their facilities for receiving supplies of lumber direct from 
the mills and producing districts of this section, as well a 
for the shipment of finished products being unsurpasse" 
There are erected on the grounds sixteen substantial ai 



3° 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 




commodious buildings for manufacturing purposes. The 
main structure, which is a three-story brick building, has a 
frontage on Malott street of 322 feet, while the numerous 
other buildings are spacious, conveniently arranged and 
thoroughly equipped, with special machinery for their par- 
ticular line of work. An average stock of lumber, prin- 
cipally of native black walnut and other beautiful hard and 
soft woods indigenous to 
this section, is constantly 
carried on hand in their 
extensive yards and dry- 
houses, valued at not less 
than $100,000, while the 
agents of this company, in 
various sections of the Un- 
ion are constantly purchas- 
ing supplies to meet the 
constant demand. The av- 
erage number of skilled 
workmen employed in 
the various department Schmidt's 

ments of these extensive works is about three hundred, 
with a weekly pay-roll of nearly $2,000. The motive 
power for the machinery is supplied by one "Brown" 
engine of 100-horse power, manufactured at Fitchburg, 
Mass., and one 60-horse power engine, furnished by Messrs. 
Sinker, Davis & Co., of this city, and the works are now 
turning out in the cabinet department 1,000 tables and 300 
covers and drawer pieces per day, while in the veneering 
department the two mills are turning out about 9,000 feet 

>f choice selected lumber daily, all of which is consumed 
is fast as produced, the machinery employed in this depart- 
ment being of the most perfect and approved style. The 
demand for the products of these works in the cabinet line 
is principally confined to the Eastern States, manufacturing 
largely for the Singer Manufacturing Company, the Howe 
dewing Machine Company, and numerous other large East- 

:rn manufacturing firms. The annual transactions have 
hitherto reached at least $275,000, and from present indi- 
cations the sales of 1883 will exceed that amount by nearly 
100 per cent. 



CF. SCHMIDT'S BREWERY was established in 
• 1859. The firm at that time was Schmidt & Jaeger. 
After a period of two years Mr. Jaeger withdrew, leaving 
the management of the brewery to Mr. C. F. Schmidt. The 



capacity of the brew was about 1,000 barrels per year, and 
from this small beginning grew what is to-day an immense 
institution — the largest brewing establishment in the State. 
Uniform success marked the growth of this institution, 
and in 1867 the first addition was built. The next im- 
provement was made in 1870 by the building of a large 
cellar. 

In 1872 Mr. Schmidt 
died, and the charge of 
the large establishment, 
the fruit of his energy and 
enterprise, was practically 
in the hands of the admin- 
istrator of his estate, until 
1 88 1, when thecare and 
management descended to 
his sons John W. and Ed- 
ward Schmidt. 

The spirit of enterprise 
and vigor that marked the 
Brewery. business career of the elder 

Schmidt seems to have animated the sons, for the year 
1 88 1 and subsequent periods, especially the present 
year, bear evidence of improvements on the grand 
est scale. New machinery has displaced the old, and 
and collossal buildings of modern architecture have taken 
the place of those by which their erection was made possi- 
ble. It is pre-eminently the finest and largest in the 
State, and one of the best in the Union. The build- 
ings cover an area of about ten acres, and consist of two 
brew houses, a large beer bottling establishment (in which 
are the offices of the brewery)', two large storage houses 
(with a capacity of 40,000 barrels), large ice houses and 
commodious stables. The brewery gives employment to 
nearly one hundred operatives, with a yearly product of 
100,000 barrels of beer, which is rapidly sold throughout 
Indiana and Illinois. The fame of their Extra Brew 
Wiener beer, and Export lager beer (bottled goods), has 
extended to many parts of the country. The business is 
rapidly increasing, and merits success. 

At the last election, November 4, 1884, Mr. Edward 
Schmidt was elected as Representative to the Legislature, 
which is in itself a fitting testimonial of the regard these 
young men obtain in the community in which they reside. 



EVANSVILLE. 



EVANSVILLE PUBLIC SCHOOLS— EARLY HIS- 
TORY. — The city of Evansville takes its name 
from General Robert M. Evans, who, in the year 1816, 
entered a large part of the land where the city is located. 

Evansville, a port of entry of Indiana, the capital of Van- 
derburgh county, is beautifully situated on a high bank of 
the Ohio river, about 190 miles below Louisville and 190 
miles above Cairo. It is the second city in the State, and 
is noted for its beauty, wealth, enterprise and educational 
facilities. 

In 1 818 it contained 125 persons, and was made the 
capital of Vanderburg county. The first school of the 
village was taught by Mr. Chute. This was opened in a 
part of his own residence, as no school-house had yet been 
erected. In 1824 this gentleman took charge of a school 
opened in a small school-house built by the contributions of 
citizens, and served for many years as principal. Rev 
Mr. Wood and D. C. Banks are named among those who 
devoted themselves assiduously to the promotion of educa- 
tion in the early history of the city. 

In 1830 the population of Evansville numbered 500, and 
paid a school tax of only $36. In 1850 the population of 
the city numbered about 3,600. Up to this time no steps 
had been taken to organize a system of public schools. The 
schools were conducted in small houses in different parts of 
the city. Though the pay was but $30 per month in 1850, 
yet faithful teachers were not wanting for the work of laying 
well and deep the foundations upon which the present sys- 
tem was built. Among this noble band may be mentioned 
Calvin Fletcher, Miss Fisher, Miss Clark, Thos. McAvoy, 
the Misses York, Miss Worth, Miss Burr, Miss Abbott and 
Prof. J. W. Knight. 

The present system was established in 1853, when the 
city had a population of 7,790, and an enumeration of 
1,716 children. The first Board of Trustees was composed 
of H. Q. Wheeler, William Hughes and Christian Decker. 
When this Board asked the City Council for a levy of 25 
cents on the hundred dollars of taxable property the peti- 
tion was referred to the people, who voted in its favor. To 
H. Q. Wheeler, President of the Board, and acting Super- 
intendent, is due the credit of organizing the schools. He 
was continued in office from 1853 to 1865. 

School Buildings. — No city in the State can boast of 
more elegant school buildings than can be found in Evans- 
ville. Much wisdom has been displayed by the successive 
City Councils in the selection of men of broad and liberal 
views as members of the school boards. The provisions, 
in the way of large and well-arranged buildings, proves that 



they had faith in the future prosperity of Evansville. While 
less far-seeing citizens often criticized the erection of such 
large buildings, and predicted that many of the school- 
rooms would never be used, yet the fact that in six build- 
ings of the city, we are compelled to resort to half-day 
schools for first year children, (notwithstanding additional 
room has been provided each year), proves that the Trus- 
tees were right. In fact their expectations have been more 
than realized. The building of a twelve school rooms house, 
which will be ready for school in a few weeks, will not 
entirely relieve the pressure for school room. The Board 
has already arranged for the erection of another building, 
which will be ready for use next year. 

Canal Street School Houses. — Canal Street School 
Building, on Canal, between Third and Fourth, was erected 
in 1855, by the direction of the School Board, consisting 
of H. Q. Wheeler, William Hughes and Christian Decker. 
The original cost of the building was $15,000. This build- 
ing having served its time was taken down during the past 
summer, and on its site has been erected, during the sum- 
mer a building of fifteen rooms. This building, which will 
be completed in a few weeks, was erected by the present 
Board of Trustees, R. F. Schor, Dr. Edward Linthecum 
and James T. Walker. The cost of this building will be 
about $32,000. In many respects it will be the best build- 
ing in the city. The heating, lighting and ventilating are 
of the most mordern and approved kind. Two other four- 
room buildings stand on the same lots, one fronting on 
Third street, the other fronting on Fourth street. The 
aggregate cost of these buildings was about $24,000. 

Carpenter Street Building. — This building was erect- 
ed in the years 1859 and i860, at a cost of about $15,000. 
In 1878 this building was remodeled and a new building of 
six rooms was placed in front of the old building, forming 
one building with a capacity for 900 pupils. Eighteen 
teachers are at present employed in this building. 

Ninth Street Building. — This building was erected in 
1867. It is three stories in height, and contains twelve 
school-rooms. The original cost, exclusive of ground, was 
$28,915. Twelve teachers are employed in this building 
at present. 

High School Building. — The High School building, 
between Vine and Division, was erected on Seventh street, 
in the years 1867 and 1868, at a cost of $75,000. It is 
three stories high and contains twelve school-rooms. Some 
idea of the increase in the number of pupils in the High 
School may be formed from the following: In 1875 the 




EVANSVILLE HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING 



:r = V r J ",v i --f?. -■'--< Wi-'i^it-^*^. : v-v-" 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



33 



enrollment was 109, of which nine graduated; in 1884 the 
enrollment was 370, of which forty graduated. 

Fulton Avenue Building. — This building is situated 
on a beautiful square on Fulton avenue, between Michigan 
and Virginia streets. It was erected in 1870 and 187 1, and 
cost, exclusive of grounds, $37,750. The rapid increase 
of population in this part of the city made it necessary to 
build an addition of eight rooms. This addition cost about 
$13,000. The entire building now contains seventeen 
rooms, and will accommodate 800 pupils. Seventeen 
teachers are employed in this building at present. 

Baker Avenue Building. — This building is on the 
corner of Baker avenue and Michigan street. It was erected 
in 1871 and 1872. It is a neat two story building, and 
contains six school-rooms. It has a seating capacity for 300 
pupils. On account of the rapid improvement of this part 
of the city many of the children of this district have been 
sent to other schools. Two half-day schools have been 
maintained in this building for the past two years. The 
Board has already taken steps for building an addition to 
this house. 

Columbia Street and Campbell Street Buildings. — 
These buildings, on opposite sides of the city, were erected 
in 1874 and 1875. Each building is three stories high, and 
contains twelve rooms with a capacity for 600 pupils. All 
the rooms in each building are occupied at present. The 
cost of each building, exclusive Of grounds, was $38,000. 

Centennial Building. — This building is situated on the 
west side of Twelfth avenue, between Indiana and Illinois 
streets, Independence. It was erected in the years 1875 
and 1876, hence the name. The building is three stories 
high and contains twelve school-rooms. In 1881 but six 
rooms were occupied; now, 1884, eleven rooms. 

Governor Street (Colored) Building. — Governor 
street building is situated on the corner of Governor and 
Mulberry streets. The building was erected in 1873 and 
1874. The building contained four rooms. In 1876 the 
crowded condition of the schools made it necessary to pre- 
pare a room in the basement. Again in 1881 the rapid 
increase of pupils made it necessary to provide additional 
room. In order to do this the Board resolved to remodel 
the house and build an addition to it. By this improve- 
ment eight school-rooms were added. The building is two 
stories high and contains twelve school-rooms. At present, 
on account of the large attendance, the first year grade is 
a half-day school (one-half of the children attending in the 
forenoon and one-half in the afternoon.) 

Independence (Colored) Building. — This building is 
on the corner of Iowa street and Wabash avenue. It con- 
tains four school-rooms. Three teachers are employed at 
present. The enrollment is 132 pupils. 

Clark Street (Colored) Building. — This is the only 
school building not owned by the city. It is on Clark 



street, and was leased by the School Board in 1869, since 
which it has been used as a school-house. Two teachers 
are employed in the school. The enrollment is 113 pupils. 
School Trustees.— The law providing for the appoint- 
ment of School Trustees has undergone several changes 
since the organization of the schools in 1853. In 1853 the 
law required that three Trustees should be appointed, either 
by vote of the people or by the Common Council, for a 
term of three years, one of whom was elected President of 
the Board, and by authority of the Council they appointed 
a clerk. In 1861 the law was changed, requiring but one 
Trustee, who was to be elected by the people, and so 
remained until 1865, when the law was again changed, 
requiring that Council elect three Trustees biennially. In 
1867 the law was again changed, requiring the City Coun- 
cil to elect three Trustees — one for three years, one for two 
years and one for one year, and that afterwards that one 
Trustee should be appointed each year for a term of three 
years; that they shall organize by electing one of their 
number President, one Treasurer and one Secretary. The 
following are the names of the Trustees, Clerks and Super- 
intendents during the different periods : 

First Period — Trustees, Superintendent and Clerk, 
from 1853 to 1861 : 

1853-1857 — President, H. Q.Wheeler; other members, 
William Hughes, Christian Decker ; clerk, J. W. Knight, 
superintendent, H. Q. Wheeler. 

1 85 7-1 860 — President, H. Q. Wheeler; other members, 
William Hughes, Philip Hombrook; superintendents, J. 
W. Knight (1858-9), H. Q. Wheeler. 

1860-1861 — President, H. Q.Wheeler; other members, 
Philip Hombrook, Carl Schmidt; superintendent, H. Q. 
Wheeler. 

Second Period — From 1861 to 1865 : 
H. Q. Wheeler, sole trustee ; Hon. Wm. Baker, super- 
intendent. 

Third Period — From 1865 to 1867: (Elected bien- 
nially. ) 

1865-1866 — Emil Bishof, president; Asa Iglehart, treas- 
urer; Isaac Casselberry, secretary; E. J. Rice, superin- 
tendent. 

1866-1867 — Emil Bishof, president; Asa Iglehart, treas- 
urer; Is^ac Casselberry, secretary; E. J. Rice, superin- 
tendent. 

Fourth Period — From 1867 to 1784: (Elected by 
Council for three years.) 

1867-1868 — Isidor Esslinger, president; Asa Iglehart, 
treasurer; John W. Foster, secretary; Alex. M. Gow, 
superintendent. 

1 868-1 869 — Isidor Esslinger, president; Asa Iglehart, 
treasurer; John W. Foster, secretary. Alex. M. Gow, 
superintendent. 

1869-1870 — Chas. Lawenstein, president; Wm. Parrett, 
treasurer; Dr. H. W. Cloud, secretary; Alex. M. Gow, 
superintendent. 



34 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXIBITION. 



1870-187 1 — Chas. Lawenstein, president ; Wm. Parrett, 
treasurer; Dr. H. W. Cloud, secretary; Alex. M. Gow, 
superintendent. 

1871-1872— Chas. Lawenstein, president; Wm. Parrett, 
treasurer; Dr. H. W. Cloud, secretary; Alex. M. Gow, 
superintendent. 

1872-1873 — Chas. Lawenstein, president; Wm. F. Par- 
rett, H. W. Cloud, treasurers ; John H. Polsdorfer, secre- 
tary; Alex. M. Gow, superintendent. 

1873-1874— Dr. H. W. Cloud, president; S. R. Horn- 
brook, treasurer ; John H. Polsdorfer, secretary ; Alex. M. 
Gow, superintendent. 

1874-1875— Luke Wood, President; H. W. Cloud, 
treasurer ; John H. Polsdorfer, secretary ; Alex. M. Gow, 
superintendent. 

1875-1876— Luke Wood, president; T. B. Bridwell, 
treasurer; S. J. Lawenstein, secretary; J. M. Bloss. super- 
intendent. 

1876-1877— R. D. Richardson, president; T. C. Brid- 
well, treasurer; Adolph PfafHin, secretary; J. M. Bloss, 
superintendent. 

1877-1878— T. C. Bridwell, president; Adolph Pfafflin, 
treasurer; J. W. Wartmann, secretary , J. M. Bloss, super- 
intendent. 

1878-1879 — Adolph Pfafflin, president; J. W. Wart- 
mann, treasurer; T. C. Bridwell, secretary; J. M. Bloss, 
superintendent. 

1 879-1 880 — J. W. Wartmann, president; T. C. Brid- 
well, L. M. Baird, treasurers ; Alolph Pfafflin, John W. 
Roelker, secretaries; J. M. Bloss, superintendent. 

1880-1881— John W. Roelker, president: J. W. Wart- 
mann, treasurer ; Alex. Gilchrist, secretary ; John Cooper, 
superintendent. 

1881-1882 — J. W. Wartmann, president; Alex. Gilchrist, 
treasurer; R. F. Schor, secretary; John Cooper, superin- 
tendent. 

1882-1883 — Alex. Gilchrist, president; R. F. Schor, 
treasurer ; Dr. Edward Linthicum, secretary ; John Cooper, 
superintendent. 

1883-1884 — R. F. Schor, president; Dr. Edward Linthi- 
cum, treasurer; James T. Walker, secretary; John Cooper, 
superintendent. 

Growth of the Schools. — The following schedule ex- 
hibits the enumeration of children between the ages of six 
any twenty-one, who were entitled to school privileges ; the 
number enrolled in the public schools (so far as any record 
has been preserved), and also the number of teachers em- 



ployed : 








Years. 


Enumeration. 


Enrollment. 


No. Teachers 


1862 


4,271 




33 


1863 


4,93 2 




35 


1865 


4,475 


2,2l6 


36 


1866 


5,895 


. . . 


39 


1867 


7,207 


. . . 


5i 


1868 


7,5 8 4 




53 


1869 


8,625 


2,8o8 


58 



9,56i 


3,194 


67 


10,287 




76 


10,999 


4,136 




. . . 


4,728 


102 


12,871 


4,867 


118 


12,784 


4,876 


118 


I 3, I 24 


5,704 


125 


13,811 


5,286 


133 


15,121 


5,556 


137 


16,676 


5,582 


139 



1870 
1871 
1872 
1878 

1879 

1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 

Telephones.— The school buildings of the city are con- 
nected with the Superintendent's office by telephone. The 
connection with the City Exchange by the Telephone Com- 
pany has not only increased the privileges of their patrons 
but has greatly increased the advantages of the telephone 
to the schools. By the use of the telephone many of the 
difficulties of superintending the schools have been removed, 
and the time of the superintendent thus saved and devoted 
to more important work. Personal interviews with both 
principals and teachers in reference to the work of the 
schools, explanations of reports, directions, advice, an- 
swers to questions, etc., can be made without loss of time. 
Business which cost the Superintendent hours of time and 
travel from one building to another can be adjusted in a few 
minutes. This would appear, at first thought, to lessen the 
work of the Superintendent; but on the contrary it has 
increased his work and responsibility. Advice is now asked 
a hundred times more frequently than before, because the 
Superintendent's office is now practically in every building, 
connected by telephone. The result is that more work is 
done, less time lost in waiting for advice by notes, and no 
time lost by pupils in carrying notes. Thus the telephone 
has proved to be of great value in the work of managing 
the schools, and has proved itself worth many times its cost. 



GENERAL FEATURES. 

Evansville is the second city in commerce, manufacture 
and population in the State, is the judicial seat of Vander- 
burg county, located on the Ohio river, upon an elevated 
site, above the highest waters known in the Ohio. It has 
grown steadily from infancy, in 1839, to the present popu- 
lation of about of 40,000. While Evansvile has not made 
the rapid strides of some of our Western cities, the growth 
has been gradual and substantial. It is surrounded by a 
rich agricultural district and situated in the midst of a coal 
field wherein a number of mines are operated that furnish 
cheaper fuel for manufacturing and other purposes than 
any other city can boast of. Evansville can also lay claim 
to being the largest hard-wood lumber market in the State. 
The city is rapidly on the increase in every respect, and is 
destined to become the largest manufacturing district in 
Indiana. 

Evansville is a handsome, well-built city. Her pride is 
the large number of elegant churches and substantial edu- 
cational institutions. Of the latter a comprehensive review 
is given in another [part of this sketch. The fire depart- 




Novelty Machine" Works/ Evansville, Ind. 




Kratz Bros.' Foundry and Machine Shop, Evansville, Ind. 




Armstrong Furniture^Company, Evansville, Ind. 



36 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



ment is well equipped and supplied with telegraph fire 
alarm. The city is lighted with gas and electric light, has 
street railway, good water works, three public libraries, St. 
Mary's Hospital, fine opera house, board of trade, stock 
yards, custom house, telephone exchange, belt railway — in 
fact, every convenience found in much larger cities. There 
are, in all, seven banking institutions — five national, one 
private and one savings — with a capital and surplus aggre- 
gating $3,000,000. These are among the staunchest insti- 
tutions in the country, and enjoy the confidence of the 
entire business community. 

TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. 

The Ohio river and its tributaries — Green, Wabash, 
Cumberland and Tennessee — are well supplied with pack- 
ets that transport the products of these sections and distrib- 
ute them in this great manufacturing center. The railroads 
centering here are the Evansville and Chicago, Peoria, De- 
catur and Evansville, St. Louis and Southeastern, Evans- 
ville, Henderson and Nashville, Evansville and Indianapolis 
Through Line, and Louisville, Evansville and St. Louis. 
The roads tap every desirable section of the country, afford- 
ing ready and cheap transit for the immense manufactured 
products of the city. 

MANUFACTURE AND COMMERCE. 

As a manufacturing city, Evansville has but few equals 
and no superior. Her manufactories are numerous, and 
upon a large scale, and all doing a prosperous business. 
The principal branch is the manufacture of furniture. 
Seven large factories are operated, and representing over 
$1,000,000 capital. The lumber trade is next in import- 
ance ; fifteen sawmills and five planing mills are engaged 
in this branch. Its other manufactured products include 
plows and other agricultural implements, stoves, leather 
factory ware, woolen goods, cotton goods, staves and head- 
ing, barrels, beer, brass goods, iron castings, brick, boot 
and shoe uppers, washboards, boxes, carriages, tools, boil- 
ers, engines, machinery of nearly every description, chains, 
whips, soap, hominy, architectural iron work, sails, white 
lead, overalls, bagging, coffins, mattresses, and brooms. 

The city enjoys a large commercial business, has every 
line of merchandise represented by wholesale and retail 
houses, whose sales range from $50,000 to $1,000,000 
annually. It has a mild and pleasant climate, beautiful 
location, and a business community that is noted for thrift 
and hospitality. 



NOVELTY MACHINE WORKS AND FOUN- 
DRY. — The above named works were established 
in 1857, and have been in operation ever since. The offi- 
cers consist at present of F. Hopkins, president, and N. 
H. Miller, secretary and treasurer. 

The works are equipped with the most improved tools 
and machinery, and have facilities for competing with any 



works of a similar character South or West. The works 
are large and commodious and embrace machine shop, 
foundry, blacksmith shop, boiler shop, etc. They employ 
at present about sixty skilled mechanics, making a dis- 
bursement necessary to this source alone of about $400.00 
per week. Their annual business transactions will reach 
about $150,000. 

They manufacture all sizes and varieties of stationary, 
marine and portable engines, steam boilers, feed pumps 
of several varieties; saw-mills, mill machinery, mill gear- 
ing, pulleys, hangers, shafting, couplings and castings of 
all kinds from the heaviest to the lightest. They also 
manufacture steam boilers of every description of the best 
iron or steel. Not one of their make of boilers was ever 
known to explode, which speaks well of their construc- 
tion. Parties wishing anything in their line are requested 
to correspond with them, when answers to all inquiries 
will be cheerfully given. Their corps of officers and work- 
men in every department of their establishment is com- 
plete and efficient. Their friends and customers can rely 
upon being treated courteously by all connected with their 
shops. 




COOK & RICE, "CITY BREWERY. "—Evansville 
is the brewing center of the southwestern portion of 
the State of Indiana. The city has become known gen- 
erally throughout the country from the excellence and supe- 
rior quality of the beer manufactured and put up by this 
firm. 

In 1853 Mr. I. W. Cook, with Mr. Louis Rice, built the 
City Brewery with a cash capital of $330, each of these 
gentlemen investing $165. The site on which the brewery 
was built was then a corn-field. In the division of labor of 
the firm, the brewing fell to the lot of Mr. Rice, while Mr. 
Cook took charge of the financial and business portion of 
it. In 1857 Mr. Louis Rice sold his interest to Mr. Jacob 
Rice, Mr. Cook's step- father. The new firm immediately 
commenced the building of a larger beer cellar, and in 
1858 brewed the first lager beer in Southern Indiana. In 
addition to the cellar, they added what was considered at 
that time an extensive malt-house. For over a quarter of 
a century has this firm name not only held but increased 
its reputation, which was in great part the capital on which 







J. B. Buehner & Co.'s Chair Factory, Evansville, Ind. 



(1 

H 




1,1 i 



n - 1 1 1 >?m 

SI lilil 111 IpNI E3y sc -L ,-' ' ~i 




Evansville Coffin Company, Evansville, Ind. 



38 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



it started. It is hard to realize that the insignificant sum 
of $330 in 1853 has so multiplied until it now represents 
upwards of a quarter of a million dollars. Some idea may 
be formed of its extent, value and increase over that which 
characterized it in 1853 by the following statement: It 
then had only a capacity of 100 barrels a week, and the 
buildings in which the brewings were made could have 
been put in the stable now used on the premises. To-day 
it has a capacity of over 1,000 berrels a week, and will, 
during the present year, be still further increased. 

The malt-house has a malting capacity of 35,000 bushels, 
about one-tbird the amount used annually in the establish- 
ment. The bottling house is located in the first story of 
the malt house, where is bottled daily from twenty-five to 
thirty barrels of beer. The brewery, with ice machine 
house, malt house, stables and offices, cover the square 
bounded by Main, Sycamore, Seventh and Eighth streets. 
There are seventy-five hands employed in the brewery and 
bottling house. The sales for the current year will exceed 
40,000 barrels. 

JB. BUEHNER & CO., the leading chair manufac- 
• turers of the Gate City, have one of the best known 
factories in the country, they gaining this pre-eminence 
by the indomitable energy of the proprietors to excel and 
out-distance all competitors. Every variety of chairs are 
manufactured here, such as the finest and most beautiful 
designs for parlor, dining-room and bed-room, with cane, 
rattan, Russian leather seats and backs, and carpet seat 
chairs. Everything used in their manufacture is the best 
quality, well seasoned, and a guarantee of durability is 
always given. They employ none but skilled workmen, 
and every part of the work is under the skilled eye of some 
member of the firm. Organized in 1864, this house is con- 
sequently one of the oldest and largest establishments in 
the country, and here is every modern improvement in 
machinery with which to carry on the business successfully. 
They do a very large wholesale business in Western and 
Southern States. Jno. B. Buehner, Manager; Geo. Ven- 
neman, Assistant Manager, and Bernard Holschner, Fore- 
man, comprise the firm. 



THE ARMSTRONG FURNITURE CO. was estab- 
lished by W. W. Armstrong at the age of 22 years, 
and in 1854, in a very small way, employing a few bench 
hands and no machinery. After almost three years of 
prosperity, and in 1856, the factory now occupied by the 
Mechanic Furniture Company, was built, which for a time 
was prosperous, but in consequence of depression of busi- 
ness in 1859 and i860, failure and loss of trade caused by 
the civil war, &c.,lhe factory plant and appurtenances were 
sold at sheriff's sale. 

In 1862 a large warehouse was secured, and manufac- 
turing in a small way was again commenced, which proved 



to be a success, and had enlarged the building and in- 
creased their capacity until in the year 1874 the firm was 
working 150 hands and doing a business of $150,000 per 
annum. This year the Armstrong Furniture Cumpany was 
incorporated. The old building was leased, and 5^ acres 
of ground purchased on Franklin street and ground broken, 
where now stands the old building, six stories, 160x160. 
In 1880, 1882 and 1883 they secured an additional 2^ 
acres, thus making eight acres for lumber yards &c, an 
addition known as their ''new buiiding," which is 112x60, 
five stories, thus making the building 262 feet long; also 
two size dry houses, saw-mill and other improvements and 
changes, and put in new machinery, until at the present 
time, notwithstanding the march of improvement, manu- 
facturers give them the credit for having one of the best 
equipped furniture factories in the world. They employ 
400 hands. Their sales reach almost a half million per 
annum, and their trade extends over the West and North- 
west, East and South. Their goods are probably better 
known than those of any other manufacturer of furniture, 
particularly throughout the South and Southeast. 



THE EVANSVILLE COTTON MANUFACTUR- 
ING COMPANY started in 1866 with $100,000 
capital, and owned a mill in the heart of the city, but after 
eight years their increased business compelled them to 
enlarge their facilities, and they erected the factory they 
now occupy in the outskirts of the city It is undoubtedly 
the model factory of the State, and one of the finest ap- 
pointed manufacturing establishments in the country. It 
is owned and operated by a stock company. The capital 
stock at present is $250,000; -Win. Heilman, President; 
E. B. Morgan, Secretary; R. M. Hobbs, Superintendent; 
Mackey, Nisbet & Co., agents for sale of goods. 

The capacity of the mill is 21,248 spindles, 600 looms, 
6 batting or waste cards, employs 300 operators, and turns 
out daily 24,000 yards of cloth and 600 pounds of batting. 
The mill is run by two large engines of 650 combined 
horse-power. The main building is a large brick structure, 
four stories, or about fifty feet, in height, with commodious 
auxiliary buildings, such as offices, picker-room, ware-house, 
machine-shop, boiler-room, &c. The product of the mill 
is well known to the trade, and finds a ready market 
throughout the United States. 

This institution is not only a credit to the city of Evans- 
ville, but it is an evidence of the general thrift and enter- 
prise of the men who are to-day engaged in building up its 
manufactories. The company has built, for the conven- 
ience of its operatives, two large three-story brick tenement 
houses near the works. 

Immediately after the erection of the new works the 
company made an exhibit of their products at the Centen- 
nial at Philadelphia in 1876, and was awarded the highest 
premium over all. competitors, and in 1881 the company's 
exhibit achieved the same result at the Atlanta Cotton 
Exposition. 




J. H. Roelker & Co.'s Plow and Stove Works, Evansville, Ind. 



-SPSHPlf^ 




r-CE$ 




~ "IPJffll 



[*B 




=t^ m= B^ e 



cgirl 






HijgliiHjtt ttiiiiisjiis 





^^Lg^P 



fe3lr^ ;ij 




Henry F. Blount's Plow Works, Evansville, Ind. 



4° 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



PORTABLE AND STATIONARY ENGINES, &c — 
Kratz Bros., successors to C. Kratz, are engaged in 
the manufacture of portable and stationary engines, circular 
saw-mills, sorghum-mills, corn-shellers, and machinery gen- 
erally. This establishment was begun in 1847 by Christian 
Kratz, now deceased, and Mr. Wm. Heilman. The capital 
was meagre, $500 being the amount invested in the estab- 
lishment of this enterprise that has since grown to such 
large proportions. The works are fitted with the latest im- 
proved machinery, and has facilities equal to any establish- 
ment of its character in the country. 



THE EVANSVILLE COFFIN COMPANY, manu- 
facturers of wood burial cases, commenced business 
in 1881. It is a stock company, incorporated with a capital 
stock of $50,000. The works consist of three large brick 
buildings, embraced in 32,060 square feet, and employs 
about fifty operatives. The product of the works finds a 
market throughout the Middle and Southern States, and the 
sale of goods has rapidly increased since the commencement 
of the enterprise. The works are under the management 
of J. N. Knox. The officers are: J. W. Burtis, President; 
Will. H. Cutler, Secretary and Treasurer, with Charles 
Viele, J. W. Burtis, James H. Cutler and J. N. Knox as 
Directors. The raw material used in the product of the 
work is obtained at home, and with the abundant facilities 
afforded makes it possible for them to produce their manu- 
factures at a figure that enables them to meet any compe- 
tition. Besides manufacturing every variety of wood burial 
cases, the company are manufacturers and dealers in all 
kinds of undertakers' supplies. The trade throughout the 
South especially is solicited to examine the advantages 
offered by this company, believing that their equal can not 
be found elsewhere. 



THE BLOUNT PLOW WORKS.— The beginning of 
the manufacture of the Blount Plow, in Eighteen 
Hundred and Sixty-seven (1867), was quite small, the 
daily output not exceeding fifteen or twenty plows, the 
building being 28x60 feet, and the power a small portable 
engine. The steady growth of the business compelled the 
leaving of the old place (which had been enlarged from 
time to time), in Eighteen Hundred and Eighty-one (1881), 
to the present location and into the magnificent establish- 
ment which is represented in the cut below. There may 
be plow works of greater capacity, but there are none in 
this country more complete in every department. The 
capacity of five hundred plows per day can certainly be 
fulfilled with as great comfort to every man employed as an 
enlightened judgment and careful appreciation of their 
wants could desire. 

The fame of Blount's True Blue Plows is well established 
in the South and Southwest, and the rapid increase in the de- 
mand throughout the territory where they are known shows 
that they are either displacing other makes of plows or that 
the country is developing very rapidly. Nothing but crucible 
cast steel is used in either mold or point of these True Blue 
Plows, insuring at least double the service of those made 
from ordinary plow steel. 



JH. ROELKER & CO.— The members of this firm 
, represent three district firms and business, viz.: J. 
H. Roelker & Co., manufacturers of cooking and heating 
stoves, stove and country hollow ware, and wholesale deal- 
ers in tinners' stock; Roelker Plow Co., manufacturers of 
the "Famous" and "Hoosier" steel plows (with extra 
point), new ground plows, wood and iron beam double- 
shovels, cotton scrapers, cotton sweeps, rolling coulters, 
&c; Roelker Bros., manufacturers of plain tin-ware, and 
wholesale dealers in stoves and house-furnishing goods. 

J. H. Roelker & Co. — The senior member^ Mr. J. H. 
Roelker, after learning his trade in Cincinnati, and filling 
important positions in prominent foundries in that city, 
started in the foundry business in Evansville, Ind., in 1854. 
Starting upon a small scale, he has, by close and personal 
. attention to the manufacturing department, built up the 
largest stove works in the State, manufacturing a line of 
stoves equal to any foundry in the West, the finish, dura- 
bility and neatness of design not being excelled by any 
foundry, either East or West. 

Their present line of stoves comprises two hundred and 
thirteen different sizes, adapted and suitable to the wants of 
the South and Southwest. Their line of stoves and country 
hollow-wares are also very complete, manufacturing such 
styles and sizes as are demanded by the trade. In their 
tinners' stock department they carry a complete stocs of 
tinners' tools, machines, tin plate, sheet iron, stamped 
ware, granite iron ware, &c. , and aim to carry a full line 
of goods required by a stove and tin house. 

Roelkkr. Plow Co. — The members of the firm of J. H. 
Roelker & Co. compose this company. They confine 
themselves to the manufacture of steel plows and imple- 
ments. They commenced business in 1876, and have ever 
made it their aim to manufacture the most durable and 
easiest running plow possible to be made. Their increased 
sales from year to year have proven their success. They 
manufacture their "Famous" series in nine sizes and their 
"Hoosier" in four sizes. They manufacture both wood 
and iron beam plows; also wood and iron beam double 
shovels, single shovels, new ground plows, cotton scrapers, 
cotton sweeps, rolling coulters, and the different attach- 
ments needed. 

The plant of J. H. Roelker & Co. and the Roelker Plow 
Co. comprise 300x300 feet facing Main, Sycamore, Fifth 
and Sixth streets, almost the entire space being covered 
with large buildings necessary to their wants. Their busi- 
ness has increased so rapidly that during the past seven 
years at least one addition has been made each year, so 
that now their works embrace thirteen substantial brick 
buildings as follows : Office and warehouse (3-story), sam- 
ple rooms and warehouse (4-story), tinners' stock depart- 
ment (2-story), original foundry building, first addition to 
foundry, second addition to foundry- and warehouse (4- 
story), third addition to foundry and warehouse (4-story), 
mounting rooms and warehouse (3-story), blacksmith shop, 
boiler and engine room, stable, plow factory and warehouse 
(4-story), retail department (3-story). The cut, as shown, 
of their works does not give their entire works as they 
now stand. 

Roelker Bros, manufacture a full and complete line of 
plain tinware of the best quality and approved patterns ; 
are also wholesale dealers in stoves, hollow-ware, stamped 
ware and house furnishing goods. Their works and sample 
rooms are situated at No. 1 1 Upper First street. 



RICHMOND. 



-o&& *~- — t**> — >- 



This city, the largest in Wayne County, is among the 
leading commercial centers of the State, and is one of Ind- 
iana's finest cities. It is substantially built, is surrounded 
by one of the richest agricultural sections in the Northwest, 
has ample railroad facilities and is enjoying a large and 
healthy commerce. We know of no other town of its 
class in this part of the Union that so impresses the stran- 
ger with its metropolitan manners or goaheaditiveness, 
yet it is plain to be seen that business is conducted on a 
solid, conservative basis which we attribute to the predom- 
inance of an element composed principally of members 
of the Society of Friends, whose antecedents were the 
original settlers here. 

EARLY HISTORY. 

It was in the latter part of 1806 that the settlement of 
Richmomd was commenced, much of the land in its va- 
cinity having been taken up in that year. David Hoover 
and his companions are supposed to have been the first 
white men who explored the territory north of Rich- 
mond. The land was settled principally by the Friends, 
from North Carolina, some of them from that State direct, 
others after a, brief residence in Ohio. 

THE CITY'S GROWTH. 

The date of the brith of the town is generally supposed 
to have been in 181 6 ; it had no corporate existence how- 
ever until after Cox's addition in 181 8, which embraced 
lands north of Main St. , and west of Marion. In conform- 
ity to an act of the legislature, the citizens met on Sep- 
tember first of the same year, and unanimously declared 
themselves in favor of the incorporation of a town. Twen- 
ty-four votes were polled. On the 14th of September, at 
an election held at the same place, Ezra Boswell, Thomas 
Swain, Robert Morrison, John McLane and Peter Johnson 
were elected trustees. The authority* dven to the trus- 
tees by the general act under which the town was incor- 



porated being deemed inadequate, the citizens petitioned 
the legislature for a special charter, which was granted. 
The charter was adopted by a vote of the citizens, and 
borough officers elected March 13th, 1834. Richmond 
was governed under this borough charter until 1840, when 
it was incorporated as a city under a charter adopted by 
the citizens, and on the 4th of May a mayor and other 
city officers wer elected. In 1865 a general law was passed 
authorizing the people of any town to establish a city gov- 
ernment without a special act of the legislature. Under 
this law city officers are elected for two years. The city 
is now divided into five wards with two councilmen from 
each ward. It also has a complete fire department and a 
system of fire alarm boxes. The population was 200 in 
1818; 824^1827; 3, 800 in 1850; 12,743 in 1880; while 
at the present time it is fully 15,000 and rapidly increas- 
ing. 

CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS. 

A meeting of the Society of Friends was established 
here as early as 1807. The first meeting of the M. E. 
church was in 181 9, Presbyterian 1837, English Lutheran 
1853, Catholic 1846, Episcopal 1838, German Evangelical 
1845, African M. E. 1836. Other denominations here are 
the Baptist, Evangelical, Christian, Sweedenborgian and 
United Presbyterian, which are represented by more than 
20 different congregations, some of whom occupy edifices 
that would be a credit to any city. The educational ad- 
vantages of Richmond are its pride and boast. A thor- 
ough graded system has been adopted, 10 school buildings 
being used and the services of over 50 teachers required. 
Within one mile of the city on the National road, stands 
Earlham College, an institution owned by the Friends, 
having 160 acres of land in connection with its attractive 
buildings. There are most complete courses of study and 
both sexes are admitted to equal privileges and opportuni- 
ties. 



INDIANA AT THE NEW ORLEANS EXHIBITION. 



PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

Robert Morrison, an early settler here and one of Rich- 
mond's most prominent and successful business men, foun- 
ded the fine public library that bears his name. Believing 
such an institution would conduce to the public good, he 
purchased a lot and erected a fine building containing li- 
brary room, dwelling of librarian, etc. The cost of lot 
and improvements was $12,500, the total donation how- 
ever was $18,000, all of which he devised td" Wayne 
Township, of Wayne County, Ind., in trust, for the bene- 
fit of the inhabitants of said township for ever. It opened 
in 1864 with 6,000 volumes which have since been in- 
creased to 10,000. 

MANUFACTURING. 

Richmond is indeed a thriving manufacturing city and 
no other place of its size in the State contains so many 
important and thriving manufacturing concerns, which 
fact explains its rapid progress. In 1827 Geo. B. Rowlett 
came here from Philadelphia, Pa. This gentleman was 
instrumental in making one of the first attempts at manu- 
facturing here, which was the production of silk from the 
cocoon, but he was compelled to abandon the enterprise. 
Since then one factory after another has been started until 
to-day we find here some of the largest concerns in the 
Union engaged in the manufacture of farm implements, 



mill machinery, coffins, school furniture, etc. The whole- 
sale and jobbing trade is quite extensive, several large con- 
cerns being located here. The shipping facilities are un- 
surpassed, the railroads centering here being the Pan Han- 
dle, from Pittsburgh to Indianapolis ; Grand Rapids & In- 
diana, from Richmond through Ft. Wayne into Michigan ; 
the Chicago Division of the Pittsburgh Cincinnati, & St. 
Louis R. R., and the Cincinnati, Richmond & Dayton R. 
R., giving shippers the benefit of competing lines north, 
south, east and west. In conclusion, we can truthfully say 
that no point in the west offers greater inducements for 
those seeking a location than does Richmond. 

In following series of brief descriptive articles, to which 
the attention of the reader is particularly invited, will be 
found a large amount of useful and practical information 
of the highest value. Through the medium of careful and 
competent reporters a detailed review of the manufactur- 
ing and mercantile interests of Richmond has been pre- 
pared and dwelt upon in separate articles, thus more fully 
reaching the objects of this work. From these much val- 
uable information will be imparted with reference to this 
city ; its advantages as a market for the purchase of sup- 
plies, its oppulent and enterprising business concerns (none 
of which have been willingly omitted) and the striking 
diversity of its resources. 




MORTON MONUMENT, INDIANAPOLIS, IND, 



ROWLETT'S "STAR 



H 




SKATE. 



^ORTHWESTEHIT HARDWARE CO., 
92 Lake St., Chicago, Ills. 101 Reade St., New York City. 




"VsTe: CL^-iivd: pos this skate 



Lightness, Perfect Adjustability, Perfection of Mechanism, Ease of Running and Durability, 

ALL TENDING TO MAKE WHAT WE CLAIM FOR THE "STAR," THE PERFECT SKATE. 



Several ounces lighter per pair than any Skate made. 

The tension can be regulated instantly, without removing the 

SKATE FROM THE FOOT. 

For Rink use, it meets all the requirements of the most fastidi- 
ous, and excels all competitors. 

For Expert use, nothing yet invented can approach it. Ac- 
knowledged to be the fastest speed Skate on the market. 

The " Star " can be turned in a 23-inch oircle, with all wheels on 
the floor. 



The admirable running qualities of this Skate, together with the 
elastic tension, capable of delicate adjustment, make it a favorite 
with Ladies and Children, avoiding all tiresome straining of 
the muscles, and rendering skating truly the "poetry of motion." 

Every Skate, and every part of every Skate, thoroughly tested 
before leaving the factory. We claim superiority of all material 
used in the manufacture of these Skates. 

Prompt care given to all orders. 



^>rlce, (Sarciple I=a,Ir) $3.00. 

Richmond, Ind., Jan. 7, 1885. 
Gentlemen: We wish to thank you for the many orders we have received from you in the past, and take this opportunity to 
advise you that we have made arrangement with the Northwestern Hardware Co. to market our production. You will please 
address all communications to them in the future. Trusting that their relations with you will be as pleasant in the future as ours 
have been in the past, and wishing you success in your sales of the Rowlett "Star" Roller Skate, we are, 

Very truly, CHAMPION ROLLER SKATE & WAGON CO. 

In connection with the above we desire to say we are now prepared to fill all orders for the Rowlcit " Star " Roller Skates with rea- 
sonable promptness, and solicit your orders for these Skates. Please address all communications forprices and terms, &c, to our offices, 
as we will carry a large stock on hand for prompt delivery, THE NORTHWESTERN HARDWARE CO.. 

92 Lake St., Chicago, Ills.; 101 Reade St., New York. 



PBCKINGPATJGH, HARRISON & CO., 

Indiana Oak: Mills, iilton, Ind. 




-MANTTFACTTTRERS OF ALL KINDS OF- 



LUMBER, CANE CART, & WAGON WOOD WORK. 

Hounds, Felloes, Spokes, Hubs, Shafts, Sills, Lounges, Railing, Plow Beams, 
Coupling Poles, Plow Slides, Single and Double Trees, 
Railing Standard, Laths, Etc. 

"WHITE 0-A.33Z CUT TO SIZES. 



OUR DRUMMER FOR 1885. 



Agents Wanted Everywhere 

To Sell the Latest 25 Cent Uovelty. 

It is not our aim to appear loud, long or windy in saying our piece, but simply to the point and in a quiet way. At your 

leisure examine the 

MODEL CTTFF AND SLEEVE ADJUSTER. 




IT IS USEFUL, SIMPLE, AND EASY TO OPERATE. 

The best article for the purpose ever made. Will do its work and give perfect satisfaction. There are no Rights and Lefts- 
Will fit either sleeve. The swivel button that enters into the Cuff, as well as the clasp that fastens into the slit of your sleeve are 
positive fasteners. They cannot come loose. Every pair is warranted to be just as represented. 

A sample pair will be mailed to any address on receipt of a 25 cent Postal Note or Order. To the general trade a reasonable 
discount is allowed. All questions or communications cheerfully answered. Address, 



THE MODEL CUFF ADJUSTING CO., 



BRAZIL, XJSTJD. 







3. m. MESKER & ©©., 

WIRE AND IRON 

WORKS. 






TS — K — C~~E — C 



Wrought Ir»n Fence. 

MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF WIRE AND IRON 

Fencing, 
Railing, 
Cresting, 
Verandas, 
Balconies, 
Settees, 
Guards, 
Screens, 

Chairs, *■ 
Signs, 



to 

111' 


1 lft«$5>J 


3^c) jf 


lllllll 




llll 


iIM 


lllll 

















Wire Counter lUiliDg. 



Wrought Iron Feaoe. 



Elevators, 
Fenders, 
Awnings, 
Gratings, 
Shutters, 
Riddles, 
Sieves, 
Baskets, 
Stairs, 
Etc- 




Ger. Faartfi & Divisian Sts., 




hrM&anrllle, ladL 



-TH E- 



EVERLASTING ELEVATOR BUCKET CO., 




The " Everlasting" is round faced, no corners to catch ; superior carrying and empty- 
ing capacity, with patent malleable iron lip. Outwears any bucket in the market. The 
"Boss" has an oval front, and square bottom. Light, strong and durable; lip can be 
attached if desired. The " Keystone*" is as near perfect as a square cup can be. The 
corners are rounded, with double bottom, and substantially made. Prices as low as ordi- 
nary buckets. Best of testimonials. Sold to mill furnishers generally. Order from your 
furnishers or of us direct. They pack closely. Elevator Bolts at manufacturers' prices. 



■THE- 



^•EVERLASTING ELEVATOR BUCKET C0> 



Terre Saute, 



Indiana. 



"\ 



7 





J 1/ % ;*&m&U 

J\ M R 0^3/N JOHNS.ON //"\ 



F H *^H~-(( LIN 



WATUR 



B 0,0 W «U \V£.u. m bos 
ROE . BARTHOLOMEW 

\ / y \\ tW- 



,4.«..J OEARBOtfN. 



'J^^WnJ-BF fWs O N 







SB: 



r ' WASHINGTON l/| ? 

/-<V ' / V^T LARK 



: L A R K-g^ / .1 r\f 

4 r.<< ^-SYSTEM 

,/I^K INDIANA. 





^vv^^Vx-^x'^.— \v\\i\i\ls -\\xs; 



TiaiB I?.A.II J V\7-^.-2 _ SYSTEM OP IiTI2I-A.3iT^.. 



UDELL 



Wooden-ware 



Works. 




Indianapolis, 



M. 



D. S. A. 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



Udell's Excelsior Step Ladders, 

Udell's Eclipse 

Udell's Model 

Udell's Atlas 

Udell's Extension Ladders, 

Udell's Painters' Scaffolds, 

Trestles, Single Ladders, 

Fire Ladders, &c, &c, 

Special Ladders of all descriptions. 



Udell's Clothes Bars, 
Kitchen Wooden-ware, 
Blacking Cases, 
Commodes, 

Step Chairs, Pantry Steps, 
Library Steps, Butler Trays, 
Folding Work Tables, 
Folding Kitchen Tables, 
Wood Butter Dishes, &c, &c. 



E. R. ROUSE MFG. CO., INDIANAPOLIS, IND., U. S. 



* 





Shows Stock as it appears ready for use. 

R. R, ROTJSeTmFC. CO., 

INDIANAPOLIS, IND, 

Patent Pipe Wrenches, 

Adjustable Stocks and Dies, 

Pipe Threading Machines. 

Patent Driven "Well Points. 

Driving Caps, Sand Buckets, Pipe Pullers, 
Patent Valves, Driven Well Supplies. 




No. i represents the Point before receiving the Filter Covers, the 
perforations being I % by %" inch. 

No. 2 shows the Point complete with Composition Wire bcreen and 
very heavy perforated brass. 




A. A. McKAIN, 



-MANUFACTURER OF- 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



029 985 467 A ♦ 



\\\Y«\\WS> WWWWv <MS8> W<S5S> 'S.W.WW wwwm 




1 



TO* J=*l 





R 




=H# 



W?N^^ ^5JS5# mm <KS ^§3®^ ^SSSS^^m V\\\\\\\Wi WK\ ^K mtWfr «?^ : 







Nru 7D WEST WflSHINETM STREET, 



[WORKS AT QUINCY, MASS.] 




MOJ^TUMRM'F© 



DF THE 




BEST QUALITIES 

— OIF 1 — 

SCOTCH Mp 

NEW ENGLAND 

^GRANITES^ 

ERECTED IN 

Any Part of the Country. 



SEND FOR DESIGNS 

And. Prices. 

A. A. MCKAIN, 

70 West Wash. St., (Bates House Block), 
HTDXAXTAFOX.XS, X2TD. 



^ 



